APUSH Chapter 22 in YAWP Notes

Warren Harding: 29th president (1921-1923) known for his pro-business policies and the scandal-ridden administration, particularly the Teapot Dome scandal.

Calvin Coolidge: 30th president (1923-1929) who was known for his conservative economic policies, promoting limited government and business growth.

Herbert Hoover: 31st president (1929-1933) whose presidency was marked by the onset of the Great Depression, with his policies criticized for being ineffective in addressing the crisis.

Bolshevik Revolution: The 1917 revolution in Russia that led to the establishment of a communist government under Lenin, influencing global political tensions and the spread of communism.

Red Scare: A period of fear and suspicion of communism and radical political movements in the U.S., especially after World War I and during the Russian Revolution.

Criminal syndicalism: The use of violence or criminal methods to achieve political or economic goals, often associated with radical labor movements in the early 20th century.

Closed shop: A business or workplace where only union members are hired, a practice that was controversial during labor disputes in the early 20th century.

Open shop: A workplace where employees are not required to join a union, often used as a tactic by business owners to avoid labor union influence.

American Plan: A business policy promoting "open shops" and opposing unions, reflecting the desire to reduce the influence of labor organizations.

Nicola Sacco: An Italian immigrant and anarchist who, along with Bartolomeo Vanzetti, was controversially convicted of murder in the 1920s, sparking protests about anti-immigrant and anti-radical sentiments.

Bartolomeo Vanzetti: An Italian immigrant and anarchist who was controversially convicted and executed for murder in the 1920s, with many claiming the trial was biased against him due to his political beliefs and immigrant status.

Ku Klux Klan: A white supremacist group that re-emerged in the 1920s, targeting African Americans, immigrants, and other minorities, while promoting nativism and Protestantism.

Emergency Quota Act of 1921: A law that restricted immigration by establishing quotas based on national origins, reducing immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe.

Immigration Act of 1924: A law that further reduced immigration by establishing stricter quotas and effectively excluded immigrants from Asia and limited those from Eastern and Southern Europe.

Quota system: A system of limiting immigration based on nationality, implemented through laws like the Emergency Quota Act and Immigration Act of 1924 to reduce immigration from certain regions.

Volstead Act: A law passed in 1919 that defined and enforced Prohibition, making the production, sale, and transportation of alcohol illegal in the U.S.

Speakeasies: Secret bars or clubs that operated illegally during Prohibition, where people could still drink alcohol despite the law.

Racketeers: Criminals involved in illegal business activities, especially those related to organized crime, such as bootlegging during Prohibition.

Al Capone: A notorious gangster in Chicago during the 1920s who controlled the illegal alcohol trade, epitomizing organized crime during Prohibition.

Bible Belt: A region in the Southern United States known for its strong Protestant religious beliefs, which played a key role in the rise of Fundamentalism.

John Scopes: A high school teacher who was tried in 1925 for teaching evolution in violation of Tennessee's Butler Act, sparking the Scopes Trial.

Clarence Darrow: A famous defense lawyer who represented John Scopes in the Scopes Trial, arguing for the right to teach evolution in public schools.

Fundamentalism: A conservative religious movement that sought to uphold traditional Christian beliefs, particularly opposing the teaching of evolution in schools.

Mass-consumerism: The cultural and economic shift in the 1920s where mass production and advertising led to a consumer society, with more people buying goods in large quantities.

Conspicuous consumption: The act of purchasing goods and services to publicly display wealth and social status, especially prominent in the 1920s.

Scientific management: A method of improving industrial efficiency through the application of scientific methods, notably championed by Frederick Taylor.

Model T: A mass-produced automobile introduced by Henry Ford in 1908 that made cars affordable and transformed American society.

Henry Ford: The founder of Ford Motor Company, he revolutionized automobile production by introducing the assembly line, making cars more affordable and accessible.

Assembly line: A manufacturing process in which each worker performs a specific task in the production of goods, notably used by Henry Ford to mass-produce cars.

Gasoline Age: A term referring to the rapid growth of the automobile industry in the 1920s, which led to the rise of car culture and related industries.

Wright Brothers: Orville and Wilbur Wright, pioneers in aviation, who successfully flew the first powered airplane in 1903, marking the beginning of modern air travel.

Birth of a Nation: A 1915 silent film by D.W. Griffith that portrayed a racist view of American history, glorifying the Ku Klux Klan and contributing to its revival in the 20th century.

The Jazz Singer: A 1927 film that was the first full-length "talkie" (a movie with synchronized sound), marking the end of the silent film era.

Margaret Sanger: An activist and nurse who promoted birth control and women's reproductive rights, founding organizations that eventually became Planned Parenthood.

Alice Paul: A women's suffrage leader who campaigned for the 19th Amendment and later advocated for the Equal Rights Amendment to ensure women's equality under the law.

Equal Rights Amendment: A proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution that sought to ensure equal rights for women, though it was never ratified.

Flappers: Young women in the 1920s who challenged traditional gender norms with new fashions, behaviors, and attitudes, symbolizing the era's social changes.

Marcus Garvey: A Jamaican-born activist who promoted Black nationalism and Pan-Africanism, founding the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA).

United Negro Improvement Association: An organization founded by Marcus Garvey that promoted Black pride, self-reliance, and the return to Africa movement.

Modernism: An intellectual and cultural movement in the early 20th century that sought to break with traditional forms and embrace new ideas in art, literature, and social norms.

F. Scott Fitzgerald: A prominent American author of the Jazz Age, known for works like The Great Gatsby, which explored themes of wealth, class, and the American Dream.

Ernest Hemingway: An influential American writer whose works, such as A Farewell to Arms, explored themes of disillusionment, war, and individualism.

Lost Generation: A group of American writers in the 1920s who felt disconnected from post-World War I society, characterized by a sense of disillusionment and searching for meaning.

Gertrude Stein: A writer and art collector who coined the term "Lost Generation" to describe a group of American expatriate writers living in Europe after World War I.

T.S. Eliot: A poet whose works, like The Waste Land, reflected the disillusionment and fragmentation of post-World War I society.

William Faulkner: An American writer known for his novels about the South, such as The Sound and the Fury, which explored complex themes of race, class, and history.

Robert Frost: A celebrated American poet known for his depictions of rural New England life and his use of natural imagery in works like The Road Not Taken.

Sherwood Anderson: A writer known for his modernist works, particularly his short story collection Winesburg, Ohio, which explored the inner lives of small-town America.

Langston Hughes: A key figure in the Harlem Renaissance, Hughes was an African American poet and social activist whose works celebrated Black culture and life in America.

Harlem Renaissance: A cultural movement in the 1920s centered in Harlem, New York, where African American writers, artists, and musicians celebrated Black culture and creativity.