Quiz 1 Content (1st 2 weeks)

Neuron

Action Potential

-70mV across neurons membrane
neurons depolarize to fire and AP
- depolarization at -55mV
- then refractory period happens
BCIs record or stimulate action potentials

The Synapse

axon teminal → synaptic cleft → dendrite
presynaptic neuron → post synaptic neuron
- between:
- receives neurotransmitters from dendrites
- generates and action potential
- releases neurotransmitters from axon terminal

Nervous System

PNS
- Somatic
- skeletal muscles, sensory organs
- Autonomic
- pumping heart, breathing
CNS
- brain
- spinal cord

Brain Anatomy

composed of many nuclei (clusters of neurons)
separated into 2 cerebral hemispherse
has both distributed and localized neural networks
Frontal Lobes:
- voluntary movement, expressive language, higher level executive functions (future plans, judgment, decision making, inhibition, attention span)
- not developed until late 20s
Parietal Lobes:
- sensory processing (touch, pressure, hot/cold, pain), navigation + control, judging size shape + distance, symbol interpretation (math, spoken language, writing)
- useful for judgement or size, distane and shapes’
- understand math problems and handwriting
Temporal Lobes:
- auditory info, emotions, language, visual perception, encoding memory
- Determines L/R dominance
- Dominant left (most people) - understand language, learning, remembering verbal info (right-handed)
- Non-dominant right (most people) - learn and remember non-verbal info (music)
- Wemicke’s and Broca’s area- Speech recognition
Occipital Lobes:
- Primary visual corex
- color interpretation, visual receiving and association
- Ventral and Dorsal streams
- ventral - “what” of vision
- dorsal - “where/how” of vision

Homunculus

somatosensory - what you feel
motor - voluntary motion
represents either motor or sensory distribution along the cerebral cortex of brain

10-20 system

EEG - detects cortical neuron activity near electrodes
EEG standardization:
- allows for result validation in independent trials
- scalable to different skulls, helps pinpoint brain areas
Even numbers = right
odd numbers = left
Terms:
- C - central
- P - parietal
- T - temporal
- F - frontal
- Fp - frontal polar
- O - occipital
- A - mastoids
- Naison - top of nose
- Inion - base of skull
10-20 stands for 10% and 20% intervals between naison and inion

10-10 system

How are EEG’s recorded?

Take bipolar montages → subtract down he cap → 5 electrodes = 4 signals outputted
the differential amplifier used → subtracts input 1 and input 2 → subtraction is outputted

The Bands of an EEG

Delta band → 1-3 Hz
- deep sleep, motivational process
- highest amplitude, slowest wave
Theta band → 4-7 Hz
- memory and emotional regulation
- encoding of info during exploratory movements and spatial navigation
- salience detection
Alpha band → 8-12 Hz
- visual input, perceptual awareness
- inverse relation to cortical activation
- plays role in inhibiton
- eyes closed = inc amplitude
- eyes open = dec amplitude
Beta band → 13-30 Hz
- decrease during voluntary movements
- bursts after the act is complete
- same response when imagining movement
- plays role in attentive behavior
- serves as a carrier for attentional activation
- alertness or arousal → allows perception of stimuli
Gamma band → 30-100 Hz
- construction of object representation
- increased → complex/demanding tasks
- bind spatially distinct features of visual objects
- reflect associations between words and meanings
- integration of sensory and motor processes during movement