APW Unit 3/4

  • Big Picture Ideas

    • Land-based empires

      • Gunpowder empires: Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal

        • Common characteristics 

          • O: largest, Sunni, religiously tolerant

          • S: Shia, only one religion, rival of Ottoman

          • M: Muslim (Minority) ruling over majority (hindu), wealthy from trage, tollerance 

    • Imperial expansion

      • For goods and trading materials

        • Wanted materials that they ddint have so they expanded their empires to gain more control and be stronger

          • Spanish, ottoman, Portugal 

      • Expanding empire and making them more powerful  

        • The gaining of materials made the more powerful in economics and military by being able to have bases around the world and have more workers

    • State rivalries

      • Religious rivalries

        • Ottoman vs Safavid, Sunni vs Shia

        • The worst king of rivalries 

      • Control over trade route rival tires 

        • Competition for money - Could tax trade routes and have land control

    • Centralization of government

      • Maintained control over large empires- as long as people had their religion they were fine

    • Legitimacy

      • Art/ architecture 

        • Sophisticated arts made people look better by showing off how smart their people were by being able to make such interesting things

      • Belief systems

        • Always the better belief system 

        • Forced conversion - had to be one religion to live somewhere

        • Religious tolerance - could practice their religion in different places but had many rules

        • Shia vs Sunni - rivalry (Islam)

        • Minority ruled over majoritys because as long as people could practice their religion they didn't care who was in charge

  • Ming Dynasty 1368-1644

    • Reestablish authority after Mongols

      • Drove out the monglols to reestablish power

      • Confucianism

      • Bureaucracy 

        • One emperor - Yongle looked to past rules before the Mongols

          • Exam system

          • Collection of silver tax

        • Demanded elites swear allegiance to him to stop the rebellion

      • Architecture 

        • Rebuilt the Great Wall

    • Admiral Zheng He

      • Monumental voyages that sent him around the world to take in tribute but not to spread religion

      • A show off of how powerful the Ming dynasty really was

        • Restating dominance 

      • End of voyages

        • Too expensive

        • This led to banning of large ships which limited trade and led to mings downfall 



  • Ottoman Empire 1300-1922

    • Role of Sunni Islam

      • Sunni Islam is a majority and was the religion of the Ottoman Empire

      • Their opposition were Shia Islam who lived under their rule but left to make the Safavid empire

    • Conquest of Constantinople 1453

      • Statement of power

      • Mass conversion to Islam

      • Millet system - ethnic groups could self-govern

    • Devshirme

      • The enslavement of Christian boys - coerced labor - kidnapped children

    • Janissaries

      • Military profession that was loyal to the sultan and not the government so they would not overthrow 

    • Tax farming 

      • Someone going around and collecting tax from the civilians so the Emporer did not have to do it - collected more money than needed just so he could keep it for themself

  • Mughal Empire 1526-1857

    • Babur

      • Founder of the empire

    • Role of trade

      • Wealthy from trade - textiles, spices, stones

    • Muslim minority vs. Hindu majority

      • The Muslim people ruled over the majority of Hundis and were able to stay in power because they let them have their religion and 

    • Akbar vs. Aurangzeb 

      • Akbar came into place and changed things jerasticly in the Mughal empire 

        • Removed the jizya (tax on non-muslims), tolerent of other religouns

        • Didn't make people happy

      • General Aurangzeb came into place and reimposed most of the things that were taken away to please everyone

        • Banned dancing and Hindu temples

    • Architecture/ Taj Mahal

      • Monumental architecture to show their prosperity and sophistication

  • Safavid Empire 1502-1736

    • Role of Shia Islam

      • Was a minority for so long in the Ottoman Empire so a teenager left and made an empire where they could be their own 

      • Mosque of Isfahan

        • Monumental architecture to show that they were just as good as the Ottomans  

    • Rivalry with Ottomans 

      • Fighting over trade routes - so close and both wanted control

      • Ottomans never believed in Shia islam and always treated them as less

  • Songhai Empire 1460-1591

    • Promotion of Sunni Islam

      • Official religion 

      • To gain legitimacy and consolidate power with the elites

    • Rivalry with  Morocco 

      • Rivalry to control trade routes

  • Tokugawa Shogunate 1600-1868

    • Unification of Japan by Tokugawa Ieyasu 

      • The creator of Tokogawa Japan 

      • Got conquered but left the leader in charge which led to a period of great peace 

    • Salaried Samurai 

      • Due to the great peace, there was no place for Samurai to be so they became paid workers in correction facilities and protection agencies

  • Qing Dynasty 1644-1912

    • Last Dynasty

      • Lay Foundation for China today

    • Ruled by outsiders: Manchurians rule of Han Chinese 

      • Minority ruling over majority 

    • Role of Confucianism to establish legitimacy

      • Went back to confusions ideologies to make themselves look more sophisticated in the majority population

      • Tried to gain people's votes and agreement 

      • Imperial portraits 

        • Hung their leaders face everywhere to remind people of their ruler




Ch 13- Political Transformations 

  • Big Picture Ideas

    • Emergence of maritime empires

      • New technology

        • Guns and gun powder that made empires more strong 

    • Continued growth of land-based empires

      • Colonization and still conquering land

    • Impact of the environment and upon the environment 

      • Lots of population growth and loss that affected the environment 

      • Movement of crops and people 

      • Little ice age 

  • Causes of European Exploration

    • Technology

      • Built off of other peoples findings and made them better

        • Compas

        • Guns and gun powder

    • Desire for new routes to Asia

      • Silver

      • Silks

      • Materials and goods they wanted 

    • Competition

      • Was behind on the growth of empires so they conquered land to have operations everywhere and to help them grow faster 

  • Little Ice Age 

    • Impact on trade

      • Major death > drop in carbon > major drop in temperature > fewer people > fewer people to work > nothing being traded > less money > higher pay and demand for workers

  • The Renaissance 1350-1500

    • Rediscovery of the ancient Greek and Roman knowledge 

      • Realized that people had good ideas so they took them and built upon them 

      • Christian ideas > became the major religion 

  •  Russian Empire

    • Expansion into Siberia

      • Econimic oprotunity for fur and land 

      • Protection purposes from other empires

      • Expand christianity 

    • Romanov Dynasty

      • First russian dynasty

      • Took ideas from other people - Russian crisis

      • Major growth and rise of power 

    • The Kremlin

      • The leader of Russia 

      • Still constant 

  • Contact between New and Old Worlds

    • Americas before Columbus 

      • Powerful Aztecs an Incan empire that ruled the lands and were very well-off

      • All changed when colonizers of the New World took over and used them as workers

        • Didnt stand a chance against their guns and machines

  • The Columbian Exchange

    • Definition 

      • Huge trading over 3 continents of people, goods, 

    • Social effects

      • Dehumanization of African Americans

      • Lots of deaths overseas 

      •  Competition also works together for trading 

      • Spreading of disease 

      • Slavery

        • Dehumanization 

        • Reuining African societies -> no stable foundation

          • Abusive treatment 

      • European wealth 

        • Cash crops 

        • Industrial revolution base 

          • Lots of money 

    • Environmental effects

      • Disease, crops, and animals 

        • Relocation and Domestication of Animals 

        • Spread of disease 

        • Cash crops lead to deforestation and soil depletion

        • Know specific examples 

          • Expanded labor force - slavery 

  • Spanish Empire 

    • Treaty of Tordesillas

      • Agreement with Portugal that they were going to conquer different parts of the world so they would not get in each other's way

    • Conquistadores

      • Hernan Cortes

        • The person who went to the Americas and found out about them which led to colonization 

    • Conquest of Aztec and Inca

      • Roman catholic missionaries attempted mass conversion and built churches

      • Slavery  and indentured servants

      • Used them for land and resources 

    • Encomienda system

      • Granted themselves the ability to force natives into labor work in exchange for protection and a get out of Christianity 

      • Mined silver

    • Haciendas

      • Plantations where the spanish poeple worked 

    • Castas System

      • Division of classes made by the Spanish 

      • Put the natives at the bottom with the lesser Spanish people

        • Became close

      • Allowed them to treat them as less

      • Racial hierarchy 

        • Less rigid - could move levels 

  • British settlement of North America

    • Contrast with New Spain

      • Few slaves -> indentured servants 

      • Religious freedom

      • Private companies control





Ch 14- Economic Transformations 

  • Big Picture Ideas

    • Growth of maritime empires

      • Ocean 

      • Weapons 

    • Global circulation of goods

      • High demand for sugar - europe, caribbean  

      • Silver

        • Potosi

        • Taxing methods - new currency 

    • Challenges to empires and social hierarchies 

      • Spanish and portuguese taking over places like the aztecs and changing their system by coming in and making them inferior 

  • Portuguese Trading Post Empire 1500-1600

    • Causes of the rise of the empire

      • Weapons - trading money that made them powerful 

      • Explorers: Dias and da Gama

        • People who went to africa and saw what they had and brough back the information from the area

      • Armed trade

        • Forcing people to trade by using weapons and thretaning them if they didnt trade 

      • Cartaz System of passes

    • Trade and strengthening of African states

      • Asante

      • Kongo

    • Reasons for decline

      • Only using materials to build their empire and not paying attention to growing empires

  • Silver: Global Currency

    • Impact on silver-producing economies: Spain vs. Japan

      • Caused mass soil depletion and deforestation

      • Lack of silver

      • Used it to show off their power but left them poor

    • Spanish colonization of the Philippines

      • Spread christianity

      • More labor force

      • Military/economic advantage 

  • Joint Stock Companies

    • Characteristics of a joint stock company 

      • British East India Company

      • Dutch East India Company

        • Largest company/worth the most ever

      • People sharing the cost of liability and only loosing a little of a lot if things went south but sharing the profet

  • Asian reactions to European encroachment

    • Ming withdrawal from exploration

      • Too much money 

      • European conquest  

    • Tokugawa Japan: Closed Country Edict 1635

      • Only allowed to trade with the dutch because they did not want to get converted 

  • Indian Ocean Asian merchants 

    • Continued success of Asian merchants despite European disruption

      • Swahili Arabs, Omanis etc. 

        • Control over the trade routes

          • Nothing changed: still dominated - got techniques from them

  • Intensification of peasant and artisan labor due to increased global demand

    • Europe: wool and linen

    • India- cotton

    • China- silk

  • The Atlantic Slave Trade

    • Causes

      • Sugar

        • Made everthing taste better

      • Why Africa?

        • Saw them as lower people - already had good farming techniques

    • Effects upon Africa

      • Demographic changes

        • Displacement of people

        • Left them with no one to work so they fell under

      • Social changes

        • Destroyed families and communities

        • Displacement of people

  • The Atlantic Trading System

    • Raw materials from Americas, Manufactured goods from Europe, and Enslaved persons from Africa

  • Changing social hierarchies 

    • Treatment of minority groups in empires 

      • Spanish/Portuguese expulsion of Jews

        • To ensure their people did not change to jeudiams 

      • Christians and Jews in Ottoman Empire

        • Stayed there because of their tolerance 

      • Han Chinese in the Qing Empire

        • Majority being ruled by a majority and being

      • Mixed race people in New Spain

        • Things bledned together because people started marying the natives 

    • Existing elites and challenges to their traditional power

      • Ottoman Timars

      • Russian Boyars

      • European nobility