vocab

do people consume different foods? 

1. Food security: physical, social, economic access, to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life 

• Ex.  Countries, like the United States has high food availability due to their advanced agricultural systems and technology 

2. Food Insecurity: lack of  physical, social, economic access, to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life 

• Ex. Many countries in Sub-Saharan africa experience high levels of food insecurity due to factors such as drought or conflict 

3. Food deserts: An area where people lack access to healthy food and rely on convenience stores and fast-food restaurants. Generally, areas have higher rates of poverty and more health concerns 

• Ex. Can occur in developed areas, but is mostly in developing areas

4. Food swamps: a community where unhealthy food is highly accessible, contributing to poor diet-related health outcomes

• Ex. low income neighborhood with few grocery stores, large fast food chains 

9.2 Where did Agriculture Originate?   

5. Hunter and Gatherers: Prior to the invention of agriculture, humans lived as nomadic hunters and gatherers, traveling in small groups and collecting food 

• Ex. Usually lived in small groups consisting of extended family members 

6. First Agricultural revolution (3 of them): Began approx. 10,000 years ago with deliberate modification of earth's surface through the cultivation of plants and domestication of animals, for sedentary food production

• Ex. Irrigation, plowing, and crop rotation were developed 

7. Human environment interaction: the study of how humans depend on, adapt to, and modify their surrounding environment  

• Ex. deforestation

8. terraces/ terrace farming: a method of agriculture that involves growing crops on the side of hills or mountains by building terraces into the slope 

• Ex. Can decrease the amount of water runoff. 

9. Vegetation agriculture:: a type of cultivation by Carl Sauer; the reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants 

• Ex. includes crops such as wheat, rice corn, tomatoes, potatoes, apples 

10. Seed agriculture: a type of cultivation by Carl Sauer; reproduction of seeds (most practice this today)

• Ex. Ensures farmers  have access to seeds with desirable characteristics

11. Agriculture: deliberate modification of Earth's surface through cultivation of plant and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain

• Ex. Subsistence agriculture where farmers grow food mostly for their own consumption 

12. Global system of agriculture: complex network of economic, social, environmental factors that influence the production, distribution

• Ex. production of coffee or chocolate beans 

13. Global supply chain: a system of organizations, people, technology, activities, information and resources involved in moving a product or service from supplier to customer

• Ex. a cotton shirt being sold in a store 

14. Domestication: process by which a plants/ animals are tamed by human society so that that they can be used for for human sustenance

• Ex. over time, people have had selective breeding 

15. Second agricultural revolution: increased productivity through improvement of crop rotation and breeding of livestock

• Ex. Laid foundation of modern agricultural practices and traditions  

16. Agricultural hearth: Agriculture originated from multiple hearths around the world; invented independently by multiple groups

• Ex. Southwest Asia, East Asia, Central and South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa , Latin America

17. Fertile Crescent: considered one of the first hearths of agriculture and civilization, where early humans began domesticating plants and animal

• Ex. the development led to major advancements in technology, and urban development 

18. Columbian exchange: the transfer of plants and animals, as well as people culture, and technology between western hemisphere and Europe as a result of European colonization and trade 

• Ex. They traded tobacco, sugar, maize 

19. Subsistence; labor intensive: farmers produce goods to provide for themselves and others in the local community in less developed countries; labor intensive, developing areas depend for personal consumption, higher percentage of labor force  

• Ex. found in many rural areas, families grow crops like beans or rice (wet-rice farming)  

20. Comercial; capital intensive : production of food for commercial, free market sale; capital intensive, developed countries, involves more machinery and technology 

• Ex. market gardening, fruit farming, truck farming 

21. Cash crops: crops that are raised for sale rather than for the producers own use 

• Ex. in many tropical countries, coffee is a major cash crop where they processed and sold as coffee products 

22. Extensive agriculture: System of crop cultivation using small amounts of labor and capital in relation to area of land being farmed; large farm size, use of machinery 

• Ex. The production of grains on the great plains of the US

9.3 Where is agriculture distributed?

23. Carrying capacity: the number of people a region will support without environmental degradation. 

• Ex.  if a city is designed to support 1 million residents but grows to 1.5 million, the city may have problems such as overcrowding transportation or trouble with housing  

24. Clustered: A group or cluster of homes located near each other in a hamlet or village. 

• Ex. Europe 

25. Dispersed: Farmers live in homes spread throughout the countryside.

• Ex. Canada 

26. Linear: buildings and structures are arranged in a straight line

• Ex. Rivers or mountain ranges 

27. Metes & bounds: Boundaries based on landmarks in a geographic area

• Ex. small towns; upstate New York (Clustered) 

28. Township and range: A survey method that creates a grid pattern by dividing the land into rectangular parcels

• Ex. Kansas (Dispersed)

29. Long Lot: A narrow parcel of land that traditionally connects waterway

• Ex. St. Lawrence River Valley in Quebec (Linear)

30. Intensive agriculture: farmers focus on maximizing output from smaller plots of land by utilizing high levels of inputs like labor, fertilizers, and technology

• Ex. Market gardening 

31. Intensive subsistence agriculture: in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum yield from a parcel of land

• Ex. Variety of crops are grown to meet dietary needs 

32. Nomadic herding/Pastoral nomadism: form of subsistence agriculture; based on the herding of domesticated animals in dry climates, where planting crops is impossible  

• Ex. Do not often slaughter animals for meat, but for their byproducts; focus more on plants than animals 

33. Transhumance: seasonal movement of livestock between mountains and low pasture areas  

• Ex. used in pastoral nomadism 

34. Shifting cultivation: form of subsistence agriculture in which people shaft frequently form one field to another 

• Ex. The kayapo people in Brazil

35. Slash and burn agriculture: farmers clear land by slashing vegetation; and burning debris 

• ex. Is used in shifting cultivation 

36. Frequent relocation: the act of people repeatedly moving from one location to another

• Ex. People may have to repeatedly move for job opportunities

37. Plantation: large commercial farm in a developed country that specializes in on or two crops 

• Ex. sugar cane 

38. Aquaculture: deliberate cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions 

• Ex. A salmon farm in which they are harvested in a controlled environment 

39. Overfishing: capturing fish faster than they can reproduce 

• Ex. disrupts the ecosystem, and the people whose livelihood who depend on fishing . 

40. Agribusiness: system of commercial farming

• Ex. occurs in more developed countries; seed production

41. Double cropping: farmers can get two harvests in one year 

• Ex. to harvest a wheat crop by early summer and then plant corn or soybeans on that acreage for harvest in the fall.

42. crop rotation: practice of using different fields form crop to crop each year to avoid soil exhaustion

• Ex. Used primarily in mixed crop and livestock farming

43. Wet-rice: rice planted on dryland in a nursery and then moved as seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth 

• Ex. rice paddies of vietnam 

44. Monocropping: practice of growing the same single crop every year after year

• Ex. Corn, Soybeans, wheats 

45. Monoculture: deliberate cultivation of only one single crop in a large land area

• Ex. Can lead to build up of disease and pests without crop rotation 

46. Mixed crop/livestock farming: (most distinctive characteristic); the interrogation of crops and livestock  

• Ex. Done by Sub-Saharan African Farmers to ensure food security

47. Ranching: the commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area  

• Ex. cattle ranching; diverse field with many practices  

48. Feedlots: often used for more cost-efficient livestock fattening 

• Ex. providing a controlled environment, where cattle can be fed a high energy diet to achieve desire weight and quality before processing 

49. Dairy farm: specializes in the production of milk and other dairy products

• Ex. Must be closer to their markets than other products 

50. Milksheld: The ring surrounding a city form which milk can be supplied without spoiling 

• Ex. dairy farmers to not sell their milk directly to the consumers 

51. Commodity chain: linked system of processes that gather resources, convert them into goods, package them for distribution

• Ex. Commodities production (farming),Manufacturing (food processing) , Storage and distribution, Retail 

52. Commercial/Market gardening or fruit farming: predominant agriculture in the southern eastern US

• Ex. a farm located near a major urban area growing spatially valued crops such as lettuce 

53. Truck farming: long growing season and humid climate. Most of the food processed, canned, or frozen, then sent out to the markets on trucks 

• Ex. Supports sustainable farming practices and help builds stronger connection with farmers and consumers

54. Local food movements/ locavore: trend where people actively choose to consume food produced within their geographic region

• Ex. community farmers market 

55. Mediterranean agriculture: Exist on the lands that border the Mediterranean Sea in southern Europe, North African and western Asia

• Ex. cultivation of grapes and olives 

56.  Mediterranean climate:  hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters

• Ex. Typically found in middle latitudes of western continents 

57. Tropical climate: a climate zone characterized by consistently high temperatures throughout the year

• Ex. Will produce lush vegetation 

58. Horticulture: the growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers, and tree crops from the commercial base of Mediterranean farming 

• Ex. Important cash crops: olives & grapes 

59. Von Thuen model: helps explain the importance of proximity to market and the choice of crops in commercial agriculture

• Ex. Dairy farming, grain farming, ranching and livestock farming

60. Pasture: grass or other plants grown for feeding livestock as well as land used for grazing 

• Ex. Natural and healthy ways to provide food for animals 

9.4 Why do farmers face sustainability challenges? 

61. Sustainable agriculture: Farming methods that preserve long productivity of land and minimize pollution.

• Ex. Crop rotation; helps improve soil health, reduce pest and disease outbreaks, and increase biodiversity

62. Desertification: human actions that cause land to deteriorate to a desert like condition

• Ex. Destroys habitat, and increases CO2 emissions

63. Multi-cropping: fields are used several times a year and never left fallow 

• Ex. some Vietnam rice farms produce three yields of rice per year due to irrigation

64. Fallow: a farming practice where arable land is left uncultivated for a period

• Ex. the field being left to re-grow moisture in the soil 

65. Economies of scale: as companies get larger, they have access to more capital, which allows them to scale up production and produce more at a cheaper per-unit rate 

• Ex. Agribusiness produces cheaper crops and finished goods than traditional farming, in part, because they produce at a large scale

66. The bid rent theory/ bid-rent curve: The impact that land’s location in relation to the market or urban area plays in determining the rental price of the land

• Ex. high demand of commercial space 

67. Enclosure Movement: After 500 CE individual farmers owned their own plots of land.

• Ex. county of Leicestershire, many small farms were consolidated into larger estates, which were then enclosed with hedges or fences

68. Soil salinization: The process of salt accumulating the soil,making it difficult for crops to grow 

• Ex. can be caused by sea-level rise

69. Irrigation: process of moving water from one geographic location to another area in a need of water  

• Ex. Sawahs 

70. Deforestation: the process of clearing a wide geographic area trees and other vegetation

• Ex. The process of slash and burn 

71. Urban farming: Small scale farms located in Urban and/or suburban areas that cultivate different agricultural products   

• Ex. such as community gardens, or aquaponics 

72. Community supported agriculture (CSA): A system of farming where consumers directly support local farmers by purchasing shares or subscriptions from farmer before the growing season 

• Ex. vegetables and fruits 

73. Value added specialty crops: an agricultural product that has been processed in a way that increases it’s overall value 

• Ex. the final good is worth more than individual resources  

74. Fair trade movement: a global initiative that aims to ensure producers in developing countries receive fair prices for their goods

• Ex. combines prices with higher produce and the social enviornment 

75. Fair trade products: Products that consumers can buy directly from producers and farmers, resulting in the money going directly to the people who created the product or produced the food, rather than to a large corporation

• Ex. Fair trade coffee ensures farmers receive a fair price for their beans

76. Third agricultural revolution (Green revolution): involves two main practices, introduction of new higher-yield seeds, and the expanded use of fertilizers 

• Ex. Introduction of high yield, increase use of fertilizers and pesticides

77. Gmos: living organism that possess a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology

• Ex. Arctic apples; apples have been modified to resist browning when cut or bruised, which can extend their shelf life and reduce food waste.

78. Organic farming: farming that depends on the use of naturally occurring substances while prohibiting or strictly limiting synthetic substances, synch as herbicides, pesticides, and growth hormones

• Ex. healthier with less environmental impact though lower yields

79. Soil Erosion: wearing away and displacement of upper layer of soil due to human activities 

• Ex. large-scale farming removes vegetation cover

80. Herbicides: chemicals that are used to treat agricultural crops so as to kill any plants that might cause a disruption in the growth

• Ex. Sodium chlorate 

81. Pesticides: chemicals that are used to treat agricultural crops so as to kill any insects that may damage crop

• Ex. Strawberries are the most pesticide affected crop

82. Intertillage: practice of cultivating different crop varieties within the same field by planting them in rows

• Ex. sustainable land management

83. Conservative tillage: method of soil cultivation that reduces soil erosion and runoff 

• Ex. can enhance soil health, and contribute to long term agriculture productivity 

84. No tillage: leaves all soil undisturbed, entire residue of previous years harvest is left untouched 

• Ex. sustainable farming practice as it minimizes soil

85. Ridge Tillage: p​​lanting on the ridge created by tilling

• Ex. Conserves soil and fights weeds 

86. Hybernization: an adaptation that allows an animal to escape cold weather

• Ex. occurs over winter usually for bears