types of research

applied

• solve specific practical problems

quantitative

• collecting and analyzing numerical data

qualitative

• understanding behaviors, beliefs, and experiences

experimental

• manipulates variable to observe effect

descriptive

• describe characteristics of a phenomenon

• In-depth

correlational

• relationship between variables w/o manipulation

case study

• in-depth analysis of an individual, group, or a phenomenon

research approach

quantitative

• objective, independent, causal, value free, instruments, numerical, manipulated

• quasi experimental, non experiments

qualitative

• constructed, dependent, situation specific, value bound, small number, human, language, no manipulation

• ethnographic: patterns & experiences

• grounded theory: indiv pov

N of 1

• objective, system specific, causal, value free, purposive, instruments, manipulated, numerical

• determines best intervention for and individual

prognostic factors

• nonexperimental: clearly preceded outcome, findings consistent with previous

• epidemiologic: cohort, case control

  • share common experience / characteristics

cohort design

case control

• commonly used in dse or outcomes

• basically yung isa expected na lalabas yung expected outcome, the other hindi but possible

systematic review

• specific research question to be addressed

• detailed inclusion & exclusion

• no need for ethical review?

meta analysis

• pooling of data

sampling

• probability: equal chances to be selected

• simple random sampling: population is accessible, have list

• stratified random sampling: divided into strata or subgroups, demographic factor

• systematic random sampling: selected subjects, systematic rule

• cluster: nearly impossible, large size, multistage

• convenience: availability & accessibility

• purposive: specific reason

• snowball: rare, referral

• quota: # of respondents

validity of methodology

internal

• compesatory rivalry / resentful

• interactions between assignment and maturation, history, or instrumentation

construct

• interaction between different tx

  • testing & tx

• expectancies

external

• selection, setting, time

hawthorne effect

• modifies their behavior in respose to being observed / studied

qualitative research

• themes & pattern

• experiences, perception, and behavior

ethnography

• social & cultural

• researcher is directly immersed

grounded theory

• inductive

• explain how and why an event occurs

phenomenology

• meaning of a phenomena

• lived experiences, how and why they behave in certain way ( their perspective)

data collection

• unstructured: open-ended question

• structured: predetermined # of questions

saturation

quanti vs quali concepts

• credibility: internal validity

  • plausibility of findings

  • triangulation - cross checking

• transferability: external

  • apply findings to surroundings

• dependability: reliability

  • are results believable

participants check

• transcript: from recorded interviews

• interpretive: participants review the finding interpretation