1750-1900+Key+Terms

French Revolution: Major political upheaval that reshaped France and influenced global revolutionary movements.
Declaration of the Rights of Man: Fundamental document from the revolution that established individual rights.
Napoleon Bonaparte: Military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and became Emperor of France.
Louis XVI: King of France during the revolution, executed for treason.
Reign of Terror: Period of extreme political repression during the revolution.
National Assembly: Revolutionary assembly formed by the representatives of the Third Estate in France.
Pierre Toussaint L'overture: Leader of the Haitian Revolution against slavery and French colonial rule.
Haitian Revolution: Successful anti-slavery insurrection in the French colony of Saint-Domingue.
Simon Bolivar: Key figure in Latin American independence movements.
Miguel Hidalgo: Leader in the Mexican War of Independence, known for the Grito de Dolores.

Mechanization: The process of using machines to replace manual labor.
Steam Engine: Key invention that propelled the Industrial Revolution, enabling advances in transportation and machinery.
Capitalism: Economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production.
Wealth of Nations: Influential work by Adam Smith, outlining principles of free market and capitalism.
Socialism: Economic system advocating for collective or governmental ownership of production.
Karl Marx: Philosopher and economist known for his critiques of capitalism and capitalism's socioeconomic implications.
Proletariat: Working-class individuals who sell their labor for wages.
Bourgeoisie: The capitalist class who own most of the wealth and means of production.
Communism: Political ideology advocating for classless society and communal ownership of property.
Communist Manifesto: Political pamphlet by Marx and Engels outlining the theory of communism.

Scramble for Africa: Rapid invasion and colonization of African territory by European powers in the late 19th century.
Cecil Rhodes: British imperialist, businessman, and politician known for his expansionist policies in Africa.
Suez Canal: Artificial waterway in Egypt, crucial for trade between Europe and Asia.
White Man's Burden: Justification for European imperialist policies, suggesting that it was the duty of Western powers to civilize non-Western peoples.
Berlin Conference: Meeting where European powers agreed on the partitioning of Africa.
Social Darwinism: Ideology that applied Darwin's theory of natural selection to human societies, often used to justify imperialism.
Nationalism: Strong identification with and support for one’s nation, often leading to demands for sovereignty.

Crimean War: Conflict fought primarily between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire.
Russo-Japanese War: War between Russia and Japan over imperial ambitions in East Asia.
Taiping Rebellion: Massive civil war in China against the ruling Qing Dynasty.
Boxer Rebellion: Anti-foreign, anti-colonial uprising in China targeting foreign nationals and Chinese Christians.
Opium Wars: Series of conflicts between China and Western powers over trade imbalances, particularly opium.
Meiji Restoration: Period of rapid modernization and industrialization in Japan beginning in 1868.
Sick Man of Europe: Term used to describe the Ottoman Empire in decline during the 19th century.
Tanzimat Reforms: Series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire aimed at modernization and centralization.
Young Turks: Movement of reformers who sought to modernize the Ottoman Empire.
British East India Company: British trading company that became a powerful political and military presence in India.
Sepoy Mutiny: Major, but ultimately unsuccessful, uprising against the British East India Company rule in India.