ap world studyguide

Unit 1 - 1200-1450 The Global Tapestry

Study guide based on Heimler AP World Review videos; outside studying is recommended.
Key vocabulary:
- State: A territory politically organized under a single government.
- Bureaucracy: A hierarchical government entity that carries out the emperor's will.
- Monotheistic: Belief in one god.
- Polytheistic: Worshipping more than one god.

Developments in Song China

Main idea: How the Song Dynasty maintained and justified its rule.
Song Dynasty:
- Power:
  - Confucianism: Philosophy teaching a hierarchical human society with a prescribed order.
    - Filial piety: Honoring elders and superiors.
  - Neo-Confucianism: Revival of Confucianism from the Tang Dynasty, mixed with Buddhism.
- Women:
  - Stripped of legal rights.
  - Social restrictions, including limited education.
  - Foot binding: Crippling practice to immobilize women, reinforcing Confucian ideology and social status.
- Imperial Bureaucracy:
  - Jobs earned based on merit.
  - Civil service exams based on Confucian texts.
- Influence on neighboring countries:
  - Buddhism: Based on the Four Noble Truths.
    - Life is suffering, suffering is due to craving, cessation of craving ends suffering, Eightfold Path leads to cessation.
    - Belief in reincarnation and dissolving into the universe (Nirvana), similar to Hinduism.
  - Branches of Buddhism:
    - Theravada Buddhism:
      - Sri Lanka.
      - Practiced mostly by monks.
    - Mahayana Buddhism:
      - East Asian.
      - Encourages broader participation.
- Economy:
  - Commercialization:
    - Manufacturers produced more goods than they could consume.
    - Excess goods sold in markets across China and Eurasia (mainly porcelain and silk).
  - Agricultural innovations:
    - Champa rice: Drought-resistant rice from Vietnam, increasing food production.
  - Transportation Innovations:
    - Expansion of the Grand Canal: Connected two rivers, facilitating trade and communication and enabling China to become the most populous trading area in the world.

Developments in Dar-al-Islam

Dar-al-Islam: "House of Islam," refers to places where Islam was the organizing principle faith.
Monotheistic religions:
- Judaism: Ethnic religion of the Jews, centered on the Torah.
- Christianity: Established by the Jewish prophet Jesus Christ.
- Islam: Founded by the prophet Muhammad.
  - Believers used religious principles to shape their societies.
Abbasid Caliphate:
- Ethnically Arab.
- Broke apart, forming new Muslim empires led by ethnic Turks.
Seljuk Empire:
- Ethnically Turks.
- Fought the Abbasid Caliphate, establishing their own state (controlling religion).
- Turkic empires replaced fading Arab Muslim empires.
  - Continuity:
    - Military administered states.
    - Established Sharia law (legal code based on the Quran).
- Cultural and scientific innovations:
  - Advancements in mathematics, science, medicine, etc.
  - Preservation of Greek philosophers (Aristotle, Plato) by translating works into Arabic.
  - House of Wisdom in Baghdad during the Golden Age of Islam.
- Expansion of Muslim Rule:
  - Military expansion.
  - Muslim merchants.
  - Muslim missionaries.
- Sufism: Mystical branch of Islam.

South and Southeast Asia

Three belief systems: Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam.
- South Asia: Hinduism was most widespread, followed by Buddhism.
- Southeast Asia: Buddhism was most widespread, followed by Islam.
Bhakti Movement:
- Innovation on traditional polytheistic Hinduism.
- Emphasized devotion to one Hindu God.
- Challenged social and gender hierarchies.
State building:
- South Asia:
  - Rajput kingdoms: Muslim led kingdoms.
  - Vijayanagara Empire: Hindu-led empire.
- Southeast Asia:
  - Majapahit Kingdom: Buddhist kingdom.
  - Khmer Empire: Originally Hindu, converted to Buddhism.

Americas

State building:
- Mesoamerica: Aztecs:
  - Tenochtitlan.
  - Decentralized administration:
    - Elaborate tribute system: Conquered people provided labor, food, animals, building materials, etc.
    - Enslaved people became candidates for human sacrifice in religion.
- Andean civilizations: Inca:
  - Highly centralized administration:
    - Elaborate bureaucracy with rigid hierarchy.
    - Mit’a system: Required labor on state projects (farms, mining, military service, construction).
- Mississippian culture:
  - First large-scale civilization based off the Mississippi River.
  - Large towns politically dominated smaller settlements.

Africa

State building:
- Southeast Africa:
  - Swahili civilization:
    - Politically independent with common social hierarchy.
    - Merchant elite above commoners.
    - Influenced by Muslim traders.
    - New language: Swahili (descended from Bantu, used Arabic script).
    - Swahili states became Islamic, integrating into Islamic trade world.
- West Africa:
  - Mali, Ghana, Songhay.
- Great Zimbabwe:
  - Powerful African trade state; grew wealthy from gold exports.
  - Never converted to Islam.
- Ethiopia: Mostly Christian.

Europe

Developments:
- Dominated by Christianity:
  - Eastern Orthodox.
  - Roman Catholicism.
- Byzantine Empire: Orthodox.
- Kievan Rus: Orthodox.
- Western Europe: Roman Catholic.
- Europe split into small states, isolated from the world.
- Christianity united Europe and was the leading power.
- Muslim influence:
  - Muslims conquered much of the Iberian Peninsula.
- Highly decentralized and fragmented:
  - Feudalism: Allegiance between lords, monarchs, and knights; vassals received land for military service.
  - Manorialism: Peasants (serfs) bound to land, worked for protection; power held by landowning lords (nobility).

UNIT 2 - 1200-1450 - Networks of Exchange

Networks of exchange:
1) Silk Roads
2) Indian Ocean network
3) Trans-Saharan trade
Each network increased in geographic scale, leading to further state connections.
Range expanded due to innovations in commercial practices and technology.
Increased connectivity led to wealthy, powerful states; also caused the collapse of other cities.

Silk Roads

Luxury goods trading network across Eurasia
- Chinese silk & porcelain
Increased demand led to increased production by Chinese, Indian, and Persian artisans.
Innovations facilitated expansion:
- Transportation technology:
  - Caravanserai: Inns along the Silk Roads offering safety, rest, and animal changes
    - Brought merchants from different cultures together, created transfers (cultural and technological).
- Commercial practices:
  - Money economies: Paper money (first developed in China)
  - Flying money system: Merchants deposited money and withdrew it elsewhere
  - Credit (banking houses): Merchants presented bills of exchange and received money
  - Led to increased trade in the silk roads
Increase in trade led to the rise of powerful trading cities:
- Kashgar: Attractive stop for merchants, grew in power and wealth.

Indian Ocean Network

Thorough understanding of monsoon winds made trade possible.
Large bulk of traded goods included textiles and spices.
Causes of expansion:
- Magnetic compass: Helped merchants know which direction to sail.
- Astrolabe: Measured stars for latitude and longitude.
- New ship designs:
  - Chinese "Junk".
- Various forms of credit.
Effects of expansion:
- Growth of states:
  - Swahili City-states Collection of independent city - states along africa's east coast:
  - Acted as brokers for goods originating from the African interior
    - Gold, ivory, enslaved people
  - Became islamic and got connected into the larger trading world of Dar-Al-Islam
- Diasporic communities:
  - Settlement of ethnic people in a location other than their homeland
  - Arab and Persian communities established in East Africa
- New language
  - Swahili language
Zheng He:
- Sent by the Ming Dynasty to go throughout the Indian Ocean enrolling states in China’s tributary system
- China’s advanced maritime and navigational technology were spread to the various places Zheng He visited

Trans-Saharan Trade Network

Causes of expansion:
- Innovations and transportation technologies:
  - Camel saddle: Used for riding camels and helped to transport big loads of cargo across the desert
Effects of expansion:
- Growth of states
  - Empire of Mali
    - Conversion of its leadership to Islam
    - Very wealth from gold trade
    - Mansa Musa (Further monopolized trade between the North and interior of the continent)
      - Increased wealth of Mali

Consequences of Connectivity

Cultural effects:
1) transfer of religion of belief systems
* Ex: Buddhism, Islam, Hinduism
2) literary & artistic transfers
* Translated Greek and Roman classics in Arabic
* Made extensive commentaries on works
* Including their own developments in philosophy and medical practices
* Works were later transferred to Europe which eventually led to the Renaissance
3) Scientific and Technological Innovations
* Gunpowder
4) Rise and fall of Cities
* Ex of rise: Hangzhou, ex of fall : Baghdad
5) Travelers wrote about their Experiences
* Marco Polo, Margery Kempe
* Ibn Battuta
* Young Muslim scholar from Morocco who traveled all over Dar-al-Islam over the course of 30 years. He took detailed notes about places, people, rulers, and culture
Environmental effects
1) Transfer of crops
* Champs rice
2) Transfer of Diseases
* Bubonic plague: carried by rats and fleas along the trading routes and spread across Asia and Europe
The Mongol Empire (Pax Mongolica)
1) Established the largest land-based empire of all time
2) Networks of exchange flourished significantly
* The silk roads flourished the most when large empires controlled the routes because they could provide safety and continuity along them
3) Entire Eurasian world came under their domination
* Encouraged international trade and extracted great wealth as the facilitators of commerce on the Silk Roads
4) The Mongols facilitated an unprecedented increase in communication and cooperation across the empire as
* Facilitated technological and cultural transfers

UNIT 3 - 1450-1750 - Land Based Empires

Vocab you NEED to know for this unit:
- Land based empire: an empire whose power comes from the extent of its territorial holdings
- Sunni Muslims: believed that the rightful successor of Muhammad could be anyone spiritually fit for the office
- Shi’a Muslims: believed that only blood relatives of Muhmmad were his legitimate successors
- Legitimized: methods a ruler uses to establish their authority
- Consolidated: the methods a ruler uses to transfer power from other groups to themselves
Big Idea: in the time period 1450-1750, land-based empires were expanding
Gunpowder empires: 1) Ottoman empire: * Sunni Muslim, conquered Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul by using gunpowder weapons * Janissaries: Christian boys taken from their homes and converted to Islam and turned them into soldiers
2) Safavid empire * Founded in the beginning of the 16th century * Under the leadership of Shah Ismail, the Safavid empire expanded rapidly using gunpowder * Enslaved Christian boys from the Caucasus Region as soldiers to the Shah * Shi’a Muslim
3) Mughal empire * Founded in the first half of the 16th century * Expanded rapidly through use of gunpowder * Muslim empire * Under the ruler Akbar, religious tolerance was practiced throughout the Mughal Empire
4) Qing Dynasty (Manchu Empire) * After the Ming Dynasty (ethnically Han) * Led conquests of expansion using gunpowder weapons
- Empires compared 1) Land-based 2) Expanded rapidly 3) Use gunpowder to expand 4) Ethnically different from subjects
  - Qing/Mughal Safavids/Ottomans
- Rivals between empires
  - Safavid vs Mughal Conflict
    - Series of wars fought over territory that the Mughals previously occupied but Safavids tried to take
    - Shi’a (Safavid), Sunni (Mughal)

Administration of empires (how rulers legitimized and consolidated their power)

Administration methods:
1) Formation of large bureaucracies
* Devshirme system
* Ottomans used this system to staff their bureaucracy with highly trained individuals
* Top performers were appointed to elite positions in the Ottoman bureaucracy
2) Development of military professionals
* Janissaries
3) Religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture
* Divine right of kings: the idea that monarchs were Gods representative on Earth
* Imperial portraits in the Qing Dynasty of Emperor Kangxi surrounded by confucius wisdom
* Sun temple of the Inca Empire, Taj Mahal in India, Palace of Versailles in France
4) Innovations on tax collection systems
* Zamindar system
* Employed by the Mughal empire
* Zamindars: elite landowners who were granted authority to tax peasants living on their land on behalf of the imperial government (eventually grew corrupt)
* Tax farming
* Used by the Ottomans
* The right to tax subjects of the empire was awarded to the highest bidder(whoever won the bid had the right to collect taxes from a certain group of people)
* Tribute List
* Utilized by Aztec rulers
* Sent tribute lists filled with goods that conquered places were required to send to the imperial seed in tribute

Belief systems in Empires

Christianity in Europe
- Heart of the Roman Catholic Church is in Rome
- Church corruption 1) Simony: people buying their way into positions of power in the church 2) Sale of Indulgences: people paying money to get their sins forgiven and acquire a spot in heaven
  - Martin Luther: German Monk who nailed his 95 Theses to the door of a church
    - Excommunicated Luther
    - Luther’s idea’s spread thanks to the invention of the printing press
  - Protestant Reformation - change that happened in Christianity in Europe
  - Dominance of Catholicism - continuity
  - Councils of Trent: series of meetings where Catholics cleaned up a lot of the corruption
    - Reaffirmed that their doctrine of salvation was just fine
  - Both reformations led to significant growth of Christianity
Islam: 1) Shah Ismail declared that the Safavid Empire would adhere to Shi’a Islam * Put them at odds with the other Sunni Muslim empires in the area * Aggravated and intensified the split between these two branches of empire
- Development with Sikhism
  - Sikhism: a syncretic blend of both Hindu and Islamic doctrines
    - Continuity:
      1) Retained several important doctrines
      * Belief in one God
      * Cycle of reincarnation and death
    - Change
      1) Disregarded the gender hierarchies of Islam
      2) Discarded the caste system of Hinduism

UNIT 4 - 1450-1750 - Maritime Empires

Vocab you NEED to know for this unit
- Absolutism: all political power under the monarch

Causes of European Exploration

1) Adoption and Innovation of Maritime Technologies
* Technologies came from the Classical Greek, Islamic, and Asian worlds
* Magnetic compass: China
* Astrolabe: ancient Greece and the Arab world
* Helped sailors know their latitude
* Lateen sail: arab world
* Enabled them to take wind on both sides
* Europeans made their own innovations in shipbuilding
* Caravel: small ships made by the Portuguese which allowed for navigation within rivers and smaller coastal areas
* Improved understanding of regional wind patterns in Atlantic and Indian Oceans
* These technologies made it possible and easier for Europeans to travel along the sea and allow for them to discover new areas to create colonies
2) Growth of state power (centralization of power)
* Monarchs were slowly gaining more and more power over the nobility
* Europeans had a big incentive to find other routes, namely sea-based routes, to Asia which would allow them to trade on their own terms
3) Economic
* Mercantilism: a state-driven economic system that characterized imperial European states during this period (a country's power is based on wealth, goal is to export more than they were importing
* Favorable balance of trade: when states organize their economies around exports and avoid imports as much as possible
* Colonies existed only to enrich their imperial countries
* Joint-stock company: a limited liability business, often chartered by the state, that was funded by a group of private investors
* Investors who pooled their money to finance the exploration could only lose what they invested
* Dutch East India company (VOC)
* States relied on merchants to expand their influence in far-off lands while merchants relied on states to grant them monopolies on various regions of trade

Establishing Maritime Empires

Portugal
- Prince Henry the Navigator: brought sailors and mapmakers together to find out how to sail down the Atlantic coast of Africa
- Established trading post empire around Africa and the Indian Ocean
  - Set up trading posts called “factory”s in places that served to control trade throughout the region
Spain
- Queen Isabell and King Ferdinand sponsor Christopher Columbus’ journey to sail across the Atlantic in search of a Western route to the spice trade
  - He instead ran into the Americas and spanish trips to the New World multiplied and started colonization
  - Marked the opening of the Trans-Atlantic Trade
- Colonized the Philippines
France
- Sponsored Westward expeditions in order to find an Atlantic sea route to Asia but instead ran into the Americas and set up a presence in Canada
England
- Queen Elizabeth I sponsored expeditions to the Americas (Sir Walter Raleigh) and established England's first colony in Roanoke Island called Virginia and later Jamestown
- Set up a few trading posts along the coast near the Mughal Empire
Dutch
- Sent ships to challenge Portuguese control over the Indian Ocean trade
- Colonized in the Americas (New Amsterdam)

The Columbian Exchange

The transfer of new diseases, food, plants, and animals between the Eastern and Western hemispheres
Refers to environmental phenomena
1) Disease
* Indigenous people of the Americas had zero immunity to diseases from Eurasia
* Europeans introduced smallpox and measles to the Americas
* Malaria: carried by disease vectors like mosquitoes
2) Food and plants
* Greatly affected populations both in the New World and the Old World
* Europeans: brought olives, wheat, grapes, rice, bananas, sugar
* Americas: maize, potatoes
* Contributed to healthier populations which led to longer lifespans which resulted in population explosions
* Plantations among the Americas arrived based on cash crops
* Cash cropping: a method of agriculture that focuses on growing crops, usually a single crop, primarily for export
* Ex: sugarcane
3) Animals
* Europeans introduced pigs, sheep, cattle, and horse to the Americas
* Horse was by far the most consequential animal

Resistance to European Expansion

Resistance to imperialism:
1) Resistance from some Asian states against the intrusion of western powers in the Indian Ocean
* Tokugawa Japan: Shogun was open to trade with Portuguese at first but eventually felt it was a threat to the unity of Japan due to the spread of Christianity
* Suppressed the Christian missionaries and the believers sometimes through violence
* Almost completely isolated itself from European commerce
2) Resistance on the global level in European states themselves
* The Fronde: a series of rebellions in France against Absolutism
* New edicts were passed to fund imperial expansion which caused an increase in taxation
* French nobility led rebellions
3) Resistance from the enslaved
* Maroon societies: communities of free blacks and runaway slaves
* Rebelled against colonial troops by Queen Nanny and signed a treaty to recognize the freedom of this community
Effect: Expansions of African States
- Expansion of maritime trading networks also fostered the growth of some African states who participated in them, thus connecting these states to global economic linkages these networks represented, even if the networks were becoming increasingly European Centered
  - Asante Empire
    - Able to provide high desired good that Europeans were after such as gold, ivory, and enslaved people which made this empire rich
  - Kingdom of the Kongo
    - Had strong diplomatic ties with the Portuguese and provided them with things like gold, copper, and enslaved people
    - King of the Kongo converted to Christianity to facilitate trade with Christian states

Change and Continuity in Networks of Exchange

Indian Ocean network
- Change:
  - Entrance and massive power grabs of European States into this network
- Continuity:
  - Middle Eastern, South Asian, East Asian, and Southeast Asian merchants continued to use the Indian Ocean Network
  - Long established merchants like the Gujaratis continued to make use of Indian Ocean Network
  - Despite growing European dominance on the sea, overland routes like the Silk Roads were still almost entirely controlled by various Asia land-based powers
  - Most notably Ming China, Qing, and the Ottoman Empire
  - Peasants and artisan labor continued in many regions as demand for food and consumer goods increased as a result of multiplying trade connections
  - Ex: as demand for cotton increased, farmers in South Asia increased their production for export
  - European entrance into the trade network increased profits for Europeans and many merchants who had always used the network for trade
Change in the Atlantic System
1) Opening of the Atlantic System
* Movement of goods, wealth, and laborers between the eastern and western hemispheres made Europeans rich and powerful
2) Sugar
3) Silver
* Effects of silver:
1) Silver was used to purchase luxury goods from China
* Satisfied the Chinese demand for silver
* Further developed the commercialization of China’s economy
2) Goods that silver purchased were traded on the Atlantic System
* Further enriching all who participated
4) Coerced Labor
* Forced indigenous labor
* Indentured servitude
* African slavery
* The massive changes that occurred in the opening of the Atlantic System was maintained by the global flow of silver and trade monopolies granted by states to joint-stock companies

Changes in Labor Systems

Americas
- Europeans made use of existing labor systems and made new ones
  - Existing labor system: Mit’a System (Inca Empire)
    - Spanish used the Mit’a System for their mining expeditions
      - WAS NOT AN EXACT COPY OF THE INCA VERSION
  - New labor systems:
    1) Chattel slavery
    * Slavery in which purchaser has total ownership over enslaved person
    * Race-based and hereditary
    * Effects of chattel slavery:
    1) Europeans purchased male slaves 2:1
    * Main economic engine of imperial empires in the Americas was difficult agricultural work and mining
    * Significantly impacted the demographics of various African states
    2) Size of Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade > Indian Ocean & Mediterranean Counterparts
    3) Racial component of Atlantic Slave System
    * In the Americas, slavery became identified with blackness
    * Provided the justification for the brutality of slavery
    * Social effects of the African slave trade:
    1) Significant gender imbalance
    * Especially in West African States
    2) Changing of family structures
    * Rise of polygyny
    * The phenomenon of men marrying more than one woman (multiple wives)
    3) Cultural Synthesis
    * Growing emergence of creole (mixed) languages in the Caribbean and Brazil
    2) Indentured Servitude
    * Laborer would sign contract that bound them to a particular work for a period of time
    * Usually seven years
    * At the end of the contract, the laborer could go free
    3) Encomienda System
    * Used by the Spanish to divide indigenous Americans among Spanish settlers
    * Americans forced to provide labor for Spanish in exchange for food and protection
    4) Hacienda
    * Indigenous laborers forced to work fields of large plantations known as “haciendas”
    * Amounted to a situation not much different from slavery
    * Encomienda had nothing to do with land ownership and everything to do with controlling the indigenous people while hacienda centered on land ownership as the main vehicle for controlling the indigenous population

Christianity in the Americas

Countries such as Spain and Portugal sent Christian missionaries (jesuits) to their colonies in order to convert the indigenous people
In some cases, indigenous groups outwardly adopted Christianity, but privately continued to practice their own religious beliefs
The effect of all of this was a religious syncretism that resulted in a blending of some Christian beliefs and practices with indigenous beliefs and practices
Effects: Changing Social Hierarchies
- Social hierarchies
  1) Ethnic and religious diversity
  * The Jews were booted from their land in Spain and Portugal but emigrated into the Ottoman Empire
  2) Rise of New Political Elites
  * Spanish imposed a new social hierarchy known as the casta system on their colonial holdings in the Americas
  * Organized colonial society into a series of ranks based on race and ancestry
  * Prior to the imposing of the Casta system, native peoples were part of a wide variety of linguistic and cultural groups
  * The Casta system erased much of that cultural complexity and ordered their society by the standards of a small minority of Spanish elites
  * Transition from the Ming to the Qing Dynasty in China
  * Manchu would reserve the best bureaucratic positions in the empire for ethnically Manchu people
  3) Struggles of Existing Elites
  * With increasing power of monarchs, influence of elite members of society began to decrease
  * Russian boyars made up the aristocratic land-owning class in Russia who had lots of power and influence until Peter the Great
Vocab you NEED to know for this unit UNIT 5 - 1750-1900 - Revolutions:
- Nationalism: a sense of commonality among a people based on shared language, religion, social customs, and often linked with a desire for territory
- Steam engine: a machine that converted fossil fuel into mechanical energy
- Meiji Restoration: a period of time where Japan sought to escape foreign domination by adopting much of the industrial practices that had made the west powerful
- Transnational corporations: a company that is established and controlled in one country but also establishes large operations in many other countries
- The Enlightenment ideas provided the ideological framework for the revolutions

The Enlightenment

Enlightenment: an intellectual movement that applied new ways of understanding, such as rationalism, and empiricist approaches to both the natural world and human relationships
1) Rationalism
* reason, rather than emotion or any external authority, is the most reliable source of true knowledge
2) Empiricism
* The idea that true knowledge is gained through the senses, mainly through rigorous experimentation
* Empirical and rational ways of thinking developed during the Scientific Revolution
* Scientists tossed biblical and religious authority out the window and used the rigorous process of reason to discover how the world really worked
* Enlightenment thinkers applied these methods to the study of society
* Crucial concept of the Enlightenment: the questioning and re-examination of the role of religion
* Christianity was the main religion in Europe
* The Enlightenment showed a shift in authority from outside sources (such as the Bible) to inside sources of a person
* New belief systems:
1) Deism
* Exceedingly popular among Enlightenment thinkers
2) Atheism
* Complete rejection of religious belief
New Enlightenment ideas
- Political ideas:
  1) Individualism
  * The most basic element of society was the individual human and not collective groups
  2) Natural rights
  * Individual humans are born with certain rights that cannot be infringed upon by governments or any other entity
  * Ex: John Locke, argued that each human being was born with natural rights of Life, liberty, and property
  3) Social contract
  * Human societies, endowed with natural rights, must construct government of their own will to protect their natural rights

Effects of Enlightenment Ideas

Enlightenment's emphasis on the rejection of established traditions and new ideas about how political power ought to work played a significant role in each of these great upheavals
Enlightenment effects:Theser evolutions created intensified nationalism
1) Major revolutions
2) Expansion of suffrage
* Suffrage means the right to vote
3) Abolition of slavery
4) End of Serfdom
* In the transition from agricultural economy to industrial economy, serfs became more unnecessary and caused peasant revolts
5) Calls for Women’s suffrage
* Feminist movements
* Ex: Olympe de Gouge, the document of the rights of women
Causes of Revolutions
1) Nationalism
* Some states attempted to use this growing nationalistic fervor to their advantage in order to foster a sense of unity among their people
2) Political Dissent
* Widespread discontent with monarchist and imperial rule
* Revolutions took place in the context of a much more generalized rejection of authority across the world
3) New ways of thinking
* The development of new ideologies and systems of government
* New ideologies:
1) Popular sovereignty
* The power to govern was in the hands of the people Democracy
2) People have the right to vote and influence the policies of the government Democracy
3) Liberalism
* An economic and political ideology that emphasized the protection of civil rights, representative government, the protection of private property, and economic freedom
The Atlantic Revolutions
1) American Revolution
* Began in 1776
* British colonies in American independently developed a culture, system of government, and economic framework without interference from Britain
* New taxes, curtailment of freedoms, and adoption of enlightenment principles led to the beginning of the American revolution
* Declaration of independence is filled with these enlightenment principles
2) French Revolution
* Began in 1789
* When Louis XVI attempted to tighten his control over France to cover his own debuts the people of France rebelled and overthrew the government
* Establishment of The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
* Emphasized natural rights and popular sovereignty
3) Haitian Revolution
* Began in 1791
* Haiti was a French colony and so the start of the French Revolution in the mainland inspired black slaves
* Toussaint L'ouverture led the enslaved Haitians and defeated the French
4) Latin American Revolutions
* People of Latin America started adopting enlightenment ideas and resent the control of their imperial powers
* Creole (European heritage but born in the Americas) were upset about Peninsulares getting most of the power
* Simon Bolivar appealed to colonial subjects with enlightenment ideas (Letter from Jamaica)
* Letter from Jamaica included right to self rule and popular sovereignty
* One Latin American colony after another won its independence
Other Nationalist Movements
- While nationalism was a prime factor in the full-blown revolutions we just talked about, there were also many other nationalist movements that resulted not in revolution but calls for a higher degree of self-rule in some cases and national unification in other cases 1) Propaganda Movement (Philippines)
  - Filipino students started publishing enlightenment ideas and calling for independence
  - Filipino revolution broke out at the end of the century
    2) Unification of Italy and Germany
  - Italy and Germany were originally made up of many fragmented states but was unified because of nationalism

Industrial Revolution

Industrial revolution: the process by which states transitioned from primarily agrarian economies to industrial economies (transition from doing stuff by hand to machines]
- Fundamentally changed the world’s balance of political power, reordered societies, and made the industrial nations rich
- Industrial Revolution started in Britain
  - Prior to the Industrial Revolution, many places in Europe, especially Britain, experience an agricultural revolution in which the amount of food grown on farms increased significantly
  - Agricultural revolution 1) Crop rotation * Kept part of the land unplanted, so the fertility of the soil would be maintained 2) Seed drill * Ensured seeds could be planted more efficiently and accurately which led to less waste and greater harvests
    - Led to increased lifespan and population growth
    - Rapid urbanization of farmers moving to urban areas for labor opportunities
    - Entrepreneurs felt safe to risk investment which contributed to Britain's head start in industrialization
The Factory System
- Factory: a place where goods for sale were mass-produced by machines Spinning jenny, steam engine, interchangeable parts, steamships allowed for goods to

UNIT 5 - 1750-1900 - Revolutions:- Nationalism: a sense of commonality among a people based on shared language, religion, social customs, and often linked with a desire for territory
- Steam engine: a machine that converted fossil fuel into mechanical energy
- Meiji Restoration: a period of time where Japan sought to escape foreign domination by adopting much of the industrial practices that had made the west powerful
- Transnational corporations: a company that is established and controlled in one country but also establishes large operations in many other countries
- The Enlightenment ideas provided the ideological framework for the revolutions

The Enlightenment

Enlightenment: an intellectual movement that applied new ways of understanding, such as rationalism, and empiricist approaches to both the natural world and human relationships
1) Rationalism
* reason, rather than emotion or any external authority, is the most reliable source of true knowledge
2) Empiricism
* The idea that true knowledge is gained through the senses, mainly through rigorous experimentation
* Empirical and rational ways of thinking developed during the Scientific Revolution
* Scientists tossed biblical and religious authority out the window and used the rigorous process of reason to discover how the world really worked
* Enlightenment thinkers applied these methods to the study of society
* Crucial concept of the Enlightenment: the questioning and re-examination of the role of religion
* Christianity was the main religion in Europe
* The Enlightenment showed a shift in authority from outside sources (such as the Bible) to inside sources of a person
* New belief systems:
1) Deism
* Exceedingly popular among Enlightenment thinkers
2) Atheism
* Complete rejection of religious belief
New Enlightenment ideas- Political ideas:
1) Individualism
* The most basic element of society was the individual human and not collective groups
2) Natural rights
* Individual humans are born with certain rights that cannot be infringed upon by governments or any other entity
* Ex: John Locke, argued that each human being was born with natural rights of Life, liberty, and property
3) Social contract
* Human societies, endowed with natural rights, must construct government of their own will to protect their natural rights

Effects of Enlightenment Ideas

Enlightenment's emphasis on the rejection of established traditions and new ideas about how political power ought to work played a significant role in each of these great upheavals
Enlightenment effects:Theser evolutions created intensified nationalism
1) Major revolutions
2) Expansion of suffrage
* Suffrage means the right to vote
3) Abolition of slavery
4) End of Serfdom
* In the transition from agricultural economy to industrial economy, serfs became more unnecessary and caused peasant revolts
5) Calls for Women’s suffrage
* Feminist movements
* Ex: Olympe de Gouge, the document of the rights of women
Causes of Revolutions
1) Nationalism
* Some states attempted to use this growing nationalistic fervor to their advantage in order to foster a sense of unity among their people
2) Political Dissent
* Widespread discontent with monarchist and imperial rule
* Revolutions took place in the context of a much more generalized rejection of authority across the world
3) New ways of thinking
* The development of new ideologies and systems of government
* New ideologies:
1) Popular sovereignty
* The power to govern was in the hands of the people Democracy
2) People have the right to vote and influence the policies of the government Democracy
3) Liberalism
* An economic and political ideology that emphasized the protection of civil rights, representative government, the protection of private property, and economic freedom
The Atlantic Revolutions
1) American Revolution
* Began in 1776
* British colonies in American independently developed a culture, system of government, and economic framework without interference from Britain
* New taxes, curtailment of freedoms, and adoption of enlightenment principles led to the beginning of the American revolution
* Declaration of independence is filled with these enlightenment principles
2) French Revolution
* Began in 1789
* When Louis XVI attempted to tighten his control over France to cover his own debuts the people of France rebelled and overthrew the government
* Establishment of The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
* Emphasized natural rights and popular sovereignty
3) Haitian Revolution
* Began in 1791
* Haiti was a French colony and so the start of the French Revolution in the mainland inspired black slaves
* Toussaint L'ouverture led the enslaved Haitians and defeated the French
4) Latin American Revolutions
* People of Latin America started adopting enlightenment ideas and resent the control of their imperial powers
* Creole (European heritage but born in the Americas) were upset about Peninsulares getting most of the power
* Simon Bolivar appealed to colonial subjects with enlightenment ideas (Letter from Jamaica)
* Letter from Jamaica included right to self rule and popular sovereignty
* One Latin American colony after another won its independence
Other Nationalist Movements- While nationalism was a prime factor in the full-blown revolutions we just talked about, there were also many other nationalist movements that resulted not in revolution but calls for a higher degree of self-rule in some cases and national unification in other cases 1) Propaganda Movement (Philippines)- Filipino students started publishing enlightenment ideas and calling for independence
- Filipino revolution broke out at the end of the century
2) Unification of Italy and Germany
- Italy and Germany were originally made up of many fragmented states but was unified because of nationalism
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Industrial Revolution

Industrial revolution: the process by which states transitioned from primarily agrarian economies to industrial economies (transition from doing stuff by hand to machines]- Fundamentally changed the world’s balance of political power, reordered societies, and made the industrial nations rich
- Industrial Revolution started in Britain- Prior to the Industrial Revolution, many places in Europe, especially Britain, experience an agricultural revolution in which the amount of food grown on farms increased significantly
  - Agricultural revolution 1) Crop rotation * Kept part of the land unplanted, so the fertility of the soil would be maintained 2) Seed drill * Ensured seeds could be planted more efficiently and accurately which led to less waste and greater harvests- Led to increased lifespan and population growth
    - Rapid urbanization of farmers

UNIT 6 - 1750-1900 - Consequences of Industrialization

Vocab You NEED to know for this unit:
- Communism: A political and economic ideology that called for a worker-led revolution to violently overthrow the rich and establish a society of perfect economic equality
- Socialism: A political and economic ideology that called for the government to own the means of production and manage it equitably for all
- Labor union: An organization of workers that fought to protect worker rights

Development and Spread of Industrialization

Why did the industrial revolution spread?
- States were seeking to improve the economic and military potential
- Seeing what Britain was doing and the rest of the world wanted to catch up with their industrial success
Other places that began to industrialize:
- United States
- Russia
- Japan
Second Industrial Revolution
- Centered on:
  - Steel
  - Chemical
  - Electricity
  - Precision machinery
- New inventions:
  - Telegraph
    - Allowed for instant communication across the world
  - Telephone
  - Radio
  - Internal combustion engine
    - Car and airplane

Governmental Responses to Industrialization

Responses to the problems created by industrialization
- Workers began to organize into labor unions
  - Pushed government to pass laws that would protect workers further
  - Effects:
    - Increased wages
    - Limited hours
    - Safer working conditions
    - Five-day work week
- Reform movements
  - Intellectual thinkers offered explanations as to why this revolution was making so many people miserable and what the best path forward might be
    - John Stuart Mill
      - Argued for legal reforms to create more equality
      - Championed labor organizations
      - Limited the power of child labor
    - Socialism
      - Called for the government to own the means of production and manage it equitably for all
    - Communism
      - A political and economic ideology that called for a worker-led revolution to violently overthrow the rich and establish a society of perfect economic equality

Societal Responses to Industrialization

Social effects of the industrial revolution
- Social classes
  - During the IR, society was increasingly organized and characterized along class lines
  - The “haves” vs the “have nots”
  - Upper class (bourgeoisie)
    - Owners of factories and mines
    - Benefited enormously from the IR
    - Lifestyle
      - Increasingly luxurious
      - Valued hard work and determination
      - Cult of domesticity
        Middle and upper class women were confined to live domestic lives and were praised for doing so
  - Working class (proletariat)
    - Had it pretty rough
    - Worked long hours in factories or mines for very little pay
    - Lived in slums with terrible sanitation
    - Life expectancy was lower
- Demographic changes
  - IR dramatically shaped population distribution in industrialized countries
  - People moved from rural to urban
  - Development of “suburbs”
    - Neighborhoods on the outskirts of cities
- Environmental effects
  - Burning of coal and petroleum put a ton of pollution in the air
  - Water sources also got polluted really bad

New Economic Patterns

New labor systems (global scale)
- As industrial states grew in wealth and power, other states around the world increasingly became economically dependent on them
- Industrial countries needed raw materials to make their products
  - Many non-industrialized countries became exporters of raw materials
  - Export economies:
    - Specialized in extraction of natural resources and then shipped them off to industrial countries
    - Latin America
      - Exported copper and beef
    - Africa
      - Exported gold, diamonds, and palm oil
- Development of economic imperialism
  - Economic dominance of a weaker country by a powerful one
  - Industrial countries invested a lot of capital in non-industrial countries
    - Financed railroad construction, mining operations, and banking
  - This investment made the non-industrial countries beholden to the industrial countries
    - EX: China
      - Britain forced China to import opium against the will of the Chinese government

Development of Global Capitalism

Industrial revolution led to an intensification of
- Global capitalism: an economic system in which trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state
- Corporations became increasingly large and influential
- Some corporations managed to grow not just nationally but transnationally
  - Transnational corporations:
    - A company that is established and controlled in one country, but also establishes large operations in many other countries
    - EX: The United Fruit Company, based in the US that came to control vast swaths of land and power

UNIT 7 - 1900-Present - Global Conflict

Vocab you NEED to know for this unit:
- Imperialism: when a state extends its authority over new territories through diplomacy or military force
- Colonialism: a practice of domination, which involves the subjugation of one people to another
- Fascism: a political philosophy that exalts the nation and often race above the individual and that stands for centralized autocratic government headed by a dictatorial leader, severe economic and social regimentation, and forcible suppression of opposition
- Communism
- League of Nations: an international organization established after World War I under the Treaty of Versailles, designed to solve disputes between countries
- Appeasement: the act or policy of accommodating aggressive demands made by a state or group to avoid war
- Proxy war: a war instigated by a major power that does not itself become involved
- Detente: the easing of hostility or strained relations, especially between countries
- The Great Depression allowed dictators, promising to solve economic problems, to gain power

Causes of WWI

MANIA
- Militarism
  - the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests
  - a situation in which the military has a prominent place in the government and the public life of a country
- Alliances
  - agreements between nations to help each other in times of war
- Nationalism -
  - the assertion of a nation's right to act in its own interests, even at the expense of others
- Imperialism
  - a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force
- Assassination
  - Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was assassinated in Sarajevo by a Serbian nationalist on June 28, 1914

Conducting WWI

New technologies used in WWI
- Machine guns
- Poison gas
- Tanks
- Airplanes
- Submarines
Trench warfare
- a type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other
- led to a stalemate on the Western Front
Total war
- a war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields
Propaganda
- information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote a political cause or point of view
Treaty of Versailles
- the treaty that officially ended World War I
- Germany was forced to accept blame for the war and pay heavy reparations
- The League of Nations was created
Effects of WWI
- Massive loss of life
- Economic devastation
- Political instability
- Rise of new ideologies

Interwar Period

The Great Depression
- a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, beginning in the United States
- led to
  - widespread unemployment
  - poverty
  - social unrest
  - allowed dictators to gain power
Rise of Fascism
- Benito Mussolini in Italy
- Adolf Hitler in Germany
- Fascist ideologies
  - extreme nationalism
  - militarism
  - totalitarianism
  - anti-communism
  - expansionism

Causes of WWII

Failure of the League of Nations
- ineffective at preventing aggression
- lacked the support of major powers like the United States
Appeasement
- policy of giving in to Hitler's demands in order to avoid war
- Munich Agreement (1938)
Expansionism
- Hitler's desire to expand Germany's territory
- Invasion of Poland (1939)

Conducting WWII

New technologies used in WWII
- Radar
- Atomic bombs
Total war
- governments mobilized all resources
- propaganda
- rationing
Holocaust
- the systematic genocide of Jews and other minority groups by the Nazis
Effects of WWII
- Even greater loss of life than WWI
- Devastation of Europe and Asia
- Creation of the United Nations
  - an international organization founded in 1945 after the Second World War by 51 countries committed to maintaining international peace and security.
- Start of the Cold War

The Cold War

Causes
- Ideological differences between the United States and the Soviet Union
  - United States: democracy and capitalism
  - Soviet Union: communism
- Mutual distrust and suspicion
- The iron curtain
  - the political, military, and ideological barrier erected by the Soviet Union after World War II to seal off itself and its dependent eastern and central European allies from open contact with the West and other noncommunist areas.
Proxy wars
- Korean War
- Vietnam War
- Conflicts in Africa and Latin America
Nuclear arms race
- The United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a nuclear arms race, building up massive stockpiles of nuclear weapons
- Brinkmanship
  - the practice of pushing dangerous events to the verge of—or to the limits of—disaster in order to achieve the most advantageous outcome.
- Mutually assured destruction
  - a doctrine of military strategy and national security policy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two or more opposing sides would cause the complete annihilation of both the attacker and the defender
Detente
- a period of easing of Cold War tensions in the late 1960s and early 1970s
- Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT)
  - agreements between the United States and the Soviet Union to limit the production of nuclear weapons
End of the Cold War
- The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 due to
  - economic problems
  - political reforms
  - nationalist movements in Eastern Europe
- Fall of the Berlin Wall (1989)

Decolonization

Causes
- Weakening of European powers after WWII
- Rise of nationalist movements in colonies
- Influence of the United Nations
Methods
- Peaceful negotiations
- Armed struggle
Examples
- India
- Ghana
- Algeria
- Vietnam

UNIT 8 - 1900-Present - Globalization

Vocab you NEED to know for this unit:
- Supranational organization: An international group or union in which the power and influence of member states transcend national boundaries or interests to share in decision making and vote on issues concerning the collective body.
- The World Bank: an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects.
- The Green Revolution: A large increase in crop production in developing countries achieved by the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield crop varieties.
- Anthropocene: relating to or denoting the current geological age, viewed as the period during which human activity has been the dominant influence on climate and the environment.
- Democrazation

Technological, economic, and social changes

Technological Advancements:
- Increased military tech, more destructive capabilities, more mobile with airplanes,
- The radio, television, and internet all made levels of global communication that were never possible before
Rapid advances in transportation:
- Shipping containers
- Air travel with airplanes
- Reduced the time and $ needed to transport goods
Green Revolution:
- The application of science to agriculture dramatically increased the amount of food available worldwide.
- New varieties of crops were created that were disease resistant and had higher yields
- Used fertilizers and pesticides to protect corps
- Negatives: bad for the environment (pesticides), $
Global energy technologies:
- Oil and petroleum
- Led to debates about resources and effects on the environment
Medical innovations:
- Polio vaccine, antibiotics, artificial heart
- Increased life expectancy across the world

Organizations and Globalization

New international organizations:
- End of the Cold War led to renewed interest in organizations that could foster peace and international cooperation.
- United Nations
  - A supranational organization founded after WWII, whose purpose is to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.
- The World Bank
  - an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects.
- International Monetary Fund (IMF)
  - organization of 190 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world.
- World Trade Organization (WTO)
  - an intergovernmental organization that regulates and facilitates international trade between participating countries.
- Problems with globalization:
  - Inequality
  - Exploitation of laborers
  - Wealthy countries became more wealthy from exploiting poorer countries (outsourcing of labor)

Continuity and Change

Global economic crisis:
- 2008 financial crisis
- The globalization of the world’s economy meant that when there was economic pain in one place there was pain for just about everywhere.
Calls for changes to the economic order
- World Social Forum (WSF)
  - an annual meeting of civil society organizations, activists, and individuals who are concerned about the problems of the world and who want to work together to find solutions.
Responses to economic globalization:
- Anti-WTO protests
  - believe that organizations like the WTO only help rich countries with their trade, but do not help smaller and weaker countries and do harm

Global Culture

Global pop culture:
- American movies are watched all over the world, listening to music, etc. - creates a convergence of culture
Global sports:
- Olympics, world cup - brings nation together to compete and to see people competing around the world
Increased Awareness:
- Globalization brought an increased awareness of environmental degradation across the world.
- Groups to protect the environment:
  - Greenpeace

Migration

Push and pull factors behind migration:
- Economic opportunity, political freedom, refugees fleeing conflict
Effects of migration:
-

Human Rights:
- UDHR (Universal Declaration of Human Rights):
- A statement of basic human rights and standards for government
- Some were protected, but some were ignored
- Used to protect refugees after WWII
Political Freedom:
- China:
- Used authoritarianism after Mao
- Used oppression to enforce communism
- Chile:
- General Pinochet took over in a coup that killed the democratically elected president
- Killed and tortured thousands of people
- Uganda:
- Idi Amin took power in a coup
- Killed 300,000 people
Governmental Intervention:
- Governments tried to take a larger role in the economy
- Margaret Thatcher (Great Britain):
- Privatized state-owned industries
- Cut taxes
- Deng Xiaoping (China):
- Opened up the Chinese economy to market capitalism
- Led to rapid growth

Economics:

Knowledge Economy:
- Work that involves creating or working with information
- Developed due to increased technology
- Manufacturing moved to developing countries due to lower wages
- Asian Tigers:
- South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan
- Rapid industrial growth
World Trade:
- Regional Free Trade Agreements:
- NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement):
  - USA, Canada, Mexico
  - Eliminated tariffs
- ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations):
  - Promoted trade
  - Economic integration

Society:

Inequality:
- Movement of manufacturing jobs to developing countries led to inequality in developed countries
- Developing countries lacked regulations, leading to mist

Human Rights:
- UDHR (Universal Declaration of Human Rights):
- A statement of basic human rights and standards for government
- Some were protected, but some were ignored
- Used to protect refugees after WWII
Political Freedom:
- China:
- Used authoritarianism after Mao
- Used oppression to enforce communism
- Chile:
- General Pinochet took over in a coup that killed the democratically elected president
- Killed and tortured thousands of people
- Uganda:
- Idi Amin took power in a coup
- Killed 300,000 people
Governmental Intervention:
- Governments tried to take a larger role in the economy
- Margaret Thatcher (Great Britain):
- Privatized state-owned industries
- Cut taxes
- Deng Xiaoping (China):
- Opened up the Chinese economy to market capitalism
- Led to rapid growth

Knowledge Economy:
- Work that involves creating or working with information
- Developed due to increased technology
- Manufacturing moved to developing countries due to lower wages
- Asian Tigers:
- South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan
- Rapid industrial growth
World Trade:
- Regional Free Trade Agreements:
- NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement):
  - USA, Canada, Mexico
  - Eliminated tariffs
- ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations):
  - Promoted trade
  - Economic integration

Inequality:
- Movement of manufacturing jobs to developing countries led to inequality in developed countries
- Developing countries lacked regulations, leading to mist

Vocab you NEED to know for this unit:
- Digital Age: The time period we are currently living in, characterized by the mass production and widespread use of computer technology
- Artificial intelligence: The theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages.
- Robotics: the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots.

Science and the Environment:

Science:
- New tech, more energy use
- Humans changed the world dramatically
- Science was used to explore the universe
- Space race
Diseases:
- Old diseases persisted (such as cholera, malaria, and tuberculosis

UNIT 9 - 1900-Present - Technology and Innovation

Vocab you NEED to know for this unit:
- Digital Age: The time period we are currently living in, characterized by the mass production and widespread use of computer technology
- Artificial intelligence: The theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages.
- Robotics: the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots.

Science and the Environment:

Science:
- New tech, more energy use
- Humans changed the world dramatically
- Science was used to explore the universe
- Space race
Diseases:
- Old diseases persisted (such as cholera, malaria, and tuberculosis)

UNIT 9 - 1900-Present - Technology and Innovation

Vocab you NEED to know for this unit:
- Digital Age: The time period we are currently living in, characterized by the mass production and widespread use of computer technology
- Artificial intelligence: The theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages.
- Robotics: the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots.

Science and the Environment:

Science:
- New tech, more energy use
- Humans changed the world dramatically
- Science was used to explore the universe
- Space race
Diseases:
- Old diseases persisted (such as cholera, malaria, and tuberculosis)