5.3-5.5 Notes

New technologies reshaping societies.
Led to dramatic societal and economic changes known as the Industrial Revolution.
The rigid structure of factory work was vividly described by economist Adam Smith.
Industrialization involved increased mechanization of production and significant social changes, originating from various influences:
- The Columbian Exchange and maritime trading empires.
- Increased agricultural productivity.
- Accumulation of individual capital.
As it spread globally, it reshaped societies:
- Population growth, urban migration, expanded goods production and consumption.

Agricultural revolution before the Industrial Revolution (early 1700s) boosted productivity.
- Crop rotation: rotating crops each year to maintain soil health.
- Seed drill: efficiently plants seeds in designated spots, increasing crop output.
- Introduction of the potato from South America provided more calories.
The result of improvements:
- Population growth due to increased food supply.
- Decline in infant mortality rates and longer life expectancy.
- Availability of labor force for factories.

Early 18th century Britain: majority lived in rural areas, farming their food and making their own clothes.
Traditional domestic production (wool and flax) existed prior to British industrialization.

With the commercial revolution, Indian cotton became popular in Britain, outpacing domestic wool and flax production.
Emergence of the cottage industry system—merchants provided raw cotton, women spun cloth at home.
- Independent work but tedious and low pay for women weavers.
Limitations of home spinning speed led to technological advancements for faster production of cotton.

Spinning jenny and water frame appeared in mid-18th century:
- Spinning jenny (James Hargreaves, 1760s): spun multiple threads simultaneously.
- Water frame (Richard Arkwright, 1769): water-powered spinning wheel, leading to factory textile production.
- Arkwright regarded as the father of the factory system.
Interchangeable parts concept popularized by Eli Whitney in 1798 for firearms manufacturing.
- Allowed easy replacement of broken machine components, leading to division of labor.
- Shifted reliance from skilled craftsmen to specialized workers on assembly lines.
Henry Ford expanded on the division of labor with the invention of the moving assembly line for automobiles.

Increased agricultural efficiency reduced the labor needed in farming, causing rural population shifts to cities.
The enclosure movement restricted public lands, leading many small farmers to become landless.
Urban centers like Manchester and Liverpool grew, providing labor for new industries.

The Industrial Revolution began in Britain but spread to Belgium, France, Germany, and eventually Russia and Japan:
- Each followed with certain favorable conditions, including capital and resources.
France's progress slowed due to historical conflicts and population dynamics post-revolution.
German fragmentation delayed initial industrialization, which accelerated post-1871 unification.

Industrializing in the 19th century, becoming a global industrial leader by 1900.
Immigrant influx added to the labor force, fueling industrial growth.

Russia focused on railroads, with extensive development by 1900.
Japan's industrialization was influenced by defensive modernization in mid-19th century, adopting Western technologies while preserving tradition.

British colonization hindered Indian and Egyptian textile production while undermining local economies.

The second industrial revolution (late 19th-early 20th centuries) saw innovations in steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electricity.
The steam engine significantly influenced railroads and shipping logistics.

Railroads and steamships revolutionized transport and trade, with the telegraph enhancing communication.
Industrialized nations sought colonies to secure resources and market access, reshaping global dynamics during the era.