Unit 2

Chapter 2: Beginnings of English America, 1607-1660

I can identify the factors that led England to begin colonization. (pgs 49-54)

Roanoke colony

  • Walter Raleigh (after a failed initial attempt to form a colony) went with about 100 colonists to Roanoke island (off NC coast)

  • Formed primarily to facilitate continuing raids on spanish shipping 

  • Colonists (mostly young men nude remit Italy leadership) returned to England 

    • Second group of settlers of mostly families came hoping to establish permanent colony 

  • Colony found abandoned, inhabitants moved among the Indians 

  • Raleigh went bankrupt

  • Big Takeaway: developing colony takes lots of planning and financial resources 

Defeat of the Spanish Armada (effects)

  • gained rep as major naval power

  • Pop. Grew while economy was depressed 

    • While number of poor/landless people increased- more people became attracted to opportunities in Americas 

  • Devised plan for financing founder colonies 

    • Did it by joint stock company 

  • Reformation heightened the english gov’s sense of catholic spain as its mortal enemy when spanish armada unsuccessful attempted to in Brit

    • England wanted to liberate the new world from the pope (Catholicism)

    • Spread Protestantism 

Enclosure movement (and surplus population)

  • english peasants had secure hold on plots of land 

    • Landlords sought profit by raising sheep for wool trade 

    • Evicted small farmers 

  • Peasants flooded cities, wages fell 

    • Situation grew worse overtime 


I can describe the development of the English societies (pgs 54-55)

Indentured Servants

  • settlers who could not pay for their passage to Americas came as indentured servants

    • ⅔ of english settlers

  • Gave up their freedom for 5-7 years 

  • Servants could be bought and sold, could not marry without permission of owner, subject to physical punishment 

  • High death rate, s isn’t live until end of term, couldn’t survive economically after freedom from work

Goals of English settlers

  • wanted land, not dominion over existing population 

    • Wanted to displace natives and settle on their land 

    • Just DISPLACING not making them subjects etc…

I can describe the cultural and social changes that Native American communities underwent in response to English colonization. (pages 55-57)

    Cultural Changes

  • English did not recognize native land ownership bc they did not do anything to “improve” the land that they owned

    • English bought land from natives with treaties that were forced upon them

  • Natives were used as guides, trading partners, and allies for war purposes 

  • Used european goods like woven cloth, hoes, fish hooks…etc

    Demographic Changes

  • Fur traders married into native societies to gain access to kin networks essential to con. relationships 

   Economic Changes

  • exchanges goods w/ English

  • New metall goods changes their hunting, fishing and cooking practices 

  • Men devoted more time to beaver hunting for fur trade 

  • Native learned how to bargain

I can describe the development of the Chesapeake colonies. (pgs 57-64)

Chesapeake Bay (location and physical characteristics)

  • Jamestown

    • Beside a swamp with malaria carrying mosquitoes

    • Garbage settlers dumped into river caused dysentery and typhoid fever 

John Smith

  • English military man

    • Forceful

    • Fought the turks in hungary 

    • Autocratic governing style alienating the colonists  

Virginia Company of London

  • Joint stock company chartered by king james I

  • Established settlement at jamestown

  • Tobacco for economy base 

Joint-stock companies

  • Many investors own a share of the company so if it failed, it limited liability

  • Funded many trips to NA in order to establish colonies 

Goals of Jamestown colony

  • For the company to survive, it would have to stop searching for gold bc they could not find any

    • Grow it own food bc many people were dying from starvation bc of lack of resources they had from england

    • Needed to attract more settlers  

Headright system

  • Awarded 50 acres of land to any colonist who paid for his own or another’s passage

    • Anyone who brought a lot of people would in turn have a lot of land 

Virginia House of Burgesses

  • First elected assembly of colonial America

    • Only freemen could vote though

    • Established a political precedent that all english colonies would follow 

    • First legislative 

Powhatan

  • 15K-25K natives lived in the area where the jamestown colony was located

    • All these people were under the chiefdom of Powhatan

    • He consolidated power over this region and was collecting tribute from all of the people he controlled 

  • He realized advantages of trading w/ colonists 

Pocahontas

  • John Smith was captured and threaten by execution 

  • Rescued by Pocahotas (Powhatan’s daughter)

  • Prob part of elaborate ceremony create by Powhatan to demonstrate hi power over the colonists

  • Pocahantas became an intermediary between the english and natives 

  • John Smith returned to england —> period of sporadic conflict began 

    • English massacred villagers/ destroyed their crops

  • Married english colonist John Rolfe to restore peace 

 

Goals of Maryland colony

  • Tobacco came to dominate the economy 

  • Established as a proprietary company– a grant of land a governmental authority to a single individual

    • Cecilius calvert 

    • Had full free and absolute power

    • Imagined maryland as a feudal domain, land would be laid out manors with owners 

    • Disliked representative institutions: ordinary people should not be messing with governmental affairs 

    • Envisioned maryland as a refuge for persecuted catholics 


I can describe the Puritans and their beliefs and explain why they left England for the New World. 

(pages 64-68)

Puritanism

  • Came to new england to practice religious freedom 

  • Term originally coined by opponents to ridicule those not satisfied with the progress of the protestant reformation in england 

  • Defines a set of religious principles and a view of how society should be organized 

  • Thought the church of england retained too many elements of catholicism in it religious rituals and doctrines 

  • Didn't like catholic structure of religious authority that came from a pope or king to bishops/priests

    • Thought only local congregations should choose clergymen and way to worship of choice 

  • Believed religion was complex and demanding 

    • Learn about religion by reading the bible & listening to sermons instead of reciting formulaic prayers

Separatists

  • Some settled in plymouth

  • Abandoned church of england entirely to form their own churches 

    • Hoped to purify church from within

  • 1620’s-1630’s Charles I started to restore the church of england and started to sensor puritan writings 

    • Emigrated to NA bc they thought catholic practices were becoming too big to overcome  

John Winthrop

  • First governor of Massachusetts Bay company- puritan


Pilgrims

  • First puritans to emigrate to america= pilgrims 

  • Previously fled to netherlands bc they believed satan begun “to sow errors, heresies and discords” in england

  • Financed by group of English investors hoping to establish base for profitable trade 

  • Came in mayflower, blown off course and landed in Cape Cod instead of virginia 

  • Established colony of plymouth 

Mayflower Compact

  • Created by pilgrims: adult men going ashore agreed to obey “just and equal” laws enacted by representatives of their own choosing 

  • First written frame of gov that is not the US

Great Puritan Migration 

  • Massachusetts Bay Company founded by group of London merchants hoping to further Puritan cause and profit from trade w/ Natives

  • 5 ships sailed with 21K Puritans: England→ Massachusetts 

  • Represented <⅓ of english emegration 

  • Established basis for stable thriving society

Puritan family structure

  • Patriarciacle : male authority in household 

  • Adhered to law that limited married women’s legal and economic rights

  • Emulated family structure in england 

  • women , children, servants obey men= stable society

  • Women were allowed to be full members of the church, spiritual equals of men

  • Husband’s authority as head of family thought to replicate God’s authority in spiritual matters 


I can explain the basic governmental and religious practices of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. 

(page 68-70)

Franchise (voting rights) in Massachusetts Bay Colony

provincial vs. town governments

Election of governor and assistants

  • Governor reflected puritan religious and social vision

  • Originally, the eight shareholders chose the men who ruled the colony

  • Later group of deputies elected by freemen was added: single ruling body called General Court

    • Divided into two legislative houses 

  • Church and gov was decentralized 

    by freemen (Puritan “visible saints”)

  • Anyone could attend church but to be a full member, you had to demonstrate that you had experienced divine grace and could be considered a visible saint

    • A smaller and smaller percentage of the population controlled the gov  


I can explain how conflict with religious dissenters, among other forces, led to the expansion of New England. (pages 70-73)

Roger Williams (Rhode Island)

  • First to criticize how the Bible Commonwealth was organized 

  • Thought they should withdraw from the Church of England entirely

  • Said any law-abiding citizen should be allowed to practice whatever religion they chose 

  • Banished from massachusetts; moved south to start colony of rhode island 

    Establishment of Baptist church


Reverend Thomas Hooker (Connecticut)

  • Established settlement at Hartford

  • Gov system embodied Fundamental Orders of 1639 

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut  


Dissenters

  • Protestants who belonged to denominations other than the established church

    • Rhode Island became a haven for these people and jews

Puritan treatment of Quakers


Anne Hutchison

  • Threatened Puritan establishment 

    • Attracted large and influential following

    • Daughter of clergyman

  • Held meetings in her home, led discussion of religious issued among men and women

  • View: salvation was God’s direct gift and could not be earned: most puritans thought this

  • Different bc she thought nearly all ministries in Massachusetts were guilty of faulty preaching 

  • Placed on trial for sedition 

  • Banished to Rhode Island

    Banishment


I can describe the changing relations between the English colonists and Native Americans. (pages 73-76)


Pequot War

  • New england indians lacked central chief

    • Numbers decreases from diseases 

    • Wanted alliances w/ newcomers to protect form inland rivals

  • As white pop. expanded conflict grew

  • A fur trader was killed by Pequots, a powerful tribe 

    • Conn and mass soldiers surrounded Pequot village and killed hundreds 

  • Pequots were exterminated 

  • Opened connecticut river valley

  King Philip’s (Metacom’s) War (p. 87)

  • Natives last effort to avoid english colonization 

  • Metacom son of a chief, negotiated a peace treaty but it wasn't enough for colonists


I can describe the economic structure of the New England colonies. (p 76-78)

Body of Liberties

  • First legal code established by european colonists in new england 

  • List of liberties rather than restrictions intended for the use of the General Court



I can explain the concept of English liberty and how it relates to American colonists. (pages 78-83)

Halfway Covenant

  •  Less than half the population of boston had been admitted to church membership

  • Faced challenges, could let more people in but risked the piety of the group

  • Started allowing the baptism of for ‘’halfway” membership for grandchildren of those who came from great migration 

Concept of English liberty


Puritan treatment of Quakers


Maryland Toleration Act



Chapter 3: Creating Anglo America

I can describe the expansion of the English empire in North America in the 17th and 18th centuries. 

(pg. 88)

Mercantilism


Navigation Acts


I can explain why New York, Pennsylvania, and the other middle colonies became so ethnically, religiously, and politically diverse. (pgs. 88-92)

Charter of Liberties and Privileges


William Penn (Pennsylvania)


Quakers



I can describe the origins of American slavery. (pgs. 94-98)

Growth of African slavery in the West Indies


Growth of African slavery in the British North American colonies


Impact of sugar trade & tobacco trade on slavery



I can explain how the problems of indentured servitude led to political trouble and the growth of African slavery. (p. 99-101)

Bacon’s Rebellion


Transition from a “society with slaves” to a “slave society”

I can explain the major social and political crises that rocked the colonies in the late 17th century. 

(pgs. 101-106)

How did the Glorious Revolution in England affect American colonists?


English Bill of Rights


Lords of Trade


Dominion of New England 


Edmund Andros


Leisler’s Rebellion


English Toleration Act (1690)


Salem Witch Trials



I can describe the directions of social and economic change in the 18th century colonies. (pgs. 106-117)

Settlement patterns (where did people live?)


Walking Purchase (1737)


Backcountry


Consumerism


Transatlantic (triangular) trade



I can describe the differences in social classes in Colonial America. (pgs. 117-123)

New England & Middle colonies


Staple crops


labor source


Chesapeake and Southern colonies


Staple crops


Labor source


Anglicization


Poverty in American colonies


I can describe characteristics of America in the mid-18th century.




Chapter 4: Slavery, Freedom, and the Struggle for Empire (through p. 156)


I can describe how African slavery differed regionally in 18th century North America (pgs. 127-136)

Atlantic slave trade


Middle Passage


Chesapeake slavery


chattel slavery


Indian slavery


Slavery in the North


I can describe factors that led to distinct African American cultures in the 18th century. (pgs. 136-139)

Melding of Christianity with traditional African beliefs

Gullah

Resistance to Slavery (both overt and covert means of resistance)

Stono Rebellion


I can describe the meanings of British liberty in the 18th century. (pgs. 140-149)

Republicanism


Liberalism


John Locke


Enfranchisement


Salutary neglect (benign neglect)


18th century colonial assemblies


public sphere


Freedom of the Press in colonial America: Zenger Trial


Enlightenment


I can describe the Great Awakening and its impact on American colonists. (p. 149-151)

Great Awakening

Jonathan Edwards

“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”

George Whitefield

I can explain how the Spanish and French empires in America developed in the 18th century. (p. 151-156)

Geographic area of Spanish empire

Father Junipero Serra

Geographic area of French empire