Ana notes 1

Anatomy & Physiology Introduction

  • Overview of the course at La Progresiva Presbyterian School.

Introduction to Anatomy and Basic Terminology (Page 2)

  • Key Topics Covered:

    • Anatomy and Homeostasis

    • Anatomical terminology and body planes

    • Feedback Systems

    • Major regions and cavities of the body

    • Zelda Activity (interactive learning).

Definitions (Page 3)

  • Anatomy:

    • Etymology: Greek "ana" (up) + "tomy" (cutting).

    • Study of body structure; structure correlates with function.

  • Physiology:

    • Study of body functions.

Levels of Organization (Page 4)

  • Begins with subatomic particles: protons, electrons, neutrons.

  • Atoms form molecules (e.g., glucose).

  • Cells are the smallest living units (cytology studies).

  • Tissues: Groupings of like cells; Histology studies tissues.

  • Organs: Structures composed of several different tissues performing specific functions.

  • Body Systems: Groups of organs working together, leading to the Human Body.

Types of Anatomy (Page 5)

  • Systemic Anatomy: Study by body systems.

  • Regional Anatomy: Study through sections of the body.

  • Surface Anatomy: Study surface markings (palpation).

  • Gross Anatomy: No microscopic use.

  • Clinical Anatomy: Related to health sciences.

  • Pathological Anatomy: Studies abnormal changes (disease).

  • Developmental Anatomy: From zygote to death.

Body Systems Overview (Page 6)

  • Integumentary System: Skin, hair, nails.

  • Skeletal System: Bones, joints.

  • Muscular System: All muscles.

  • Lymphatic System: Spleen, lymph nodes, immune response cells.

  • Endocrine System: Hormone-producing glands (pituitary, thyroid, etc.).

  • Nervous System: Brain, spinal cord, nerves.

  • Cardiovascular System: Heart and blood vessels.

  • Respiratory System: Lungs and air passage organs.

  • Digestive System: Esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver.

  • Urinary System: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.

  • Reproductive System: Gonads (ovaries/testes).

Life Processes (Page 7)

  • Metabolism: All chemical processes (breakdown/creation).

  • Growth: Increase in size and number of cells.

  • Responsiveness: Detect and react to environmental changes.

  • Movement: Various actions within the body.

  • Differentiation: Transforming unspecialized cells to specialized (e.g., red blood cells).

  • Reproduction: Producing new cells/organisms.

Non-Invasive Diagnostic Techniques (Page 8)

  • Inspection: Observe body for changes.

  • Palpation: Press/touch the body.

  • Auscultation: Listen to body sounds (stethoscope).

  • Percussion: Tap the body surface for sound evaluation.

Anatomical Position and Terminology (Pages 9-13)

  • Anatomical Position: Upright position with legs parallel, arms at sides, palms forward.

  • Supine Position: Lying on back.

  • Prone Position: Lying on stomach.

  • Direction Terms:

    • Anterior: Front

    • Posterior: Back

    • Superior: Above

    • Inferior: Below

    • Proximal: Nearer to trunk

    • Distal: Farther from trunk

    • Medial: Near midline

    • Lateral: Away from midline.

Planes and Sections of the Body (Pages 15-17)

  • Planes: Imaginary flat surfaces dividing the body.

  • Sections: Cuts through structures (biopsy).

  • Types of Planes:

    • Sagittal Plane: Divides body into right and left.

    • Frontal (Coronal) Plane: Divides into anterior and posterior.

    • Transverse Plane: Divides horizontally into upper and lower portions.

Major Body Cavities (Pages 18-19)

  • Cavities: Dorsal and Ventral; protect internal organs.

  • Dorsal Cavity: Cranial (brain) and spinal (spinal cord); protected by skull and vertebral column.

  • Ventral Cavity: Thoracic (lungs, heart) and abdominopelvic (digestive, reproductive organs).

Serous Membranes (Pages 20-21)

  • Serous Membrane: Lines thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

  • Parietal layer (cavity wall), Visceral layer (covers organs).

  • Contains serous fluid, reducing friction between organ movement.

Abdominal Regions and Quadrants (Page 22)

  • 9 Regions: For anatomical use (tic-tac-toe grid).

  • 4 Quadrants: For healthcare professionals to describe locations.

Subdivisions of Physiology (Page 23)

  • Cell Physiology: Activities within a cell.

  • Systemic Physiology: Organ systems.

  • Organ Physiology: Whole-organ interactions.

  • Pathophysiology: Studies disordered physiological processes related to diseases.

Survival Needs (Page 24)

  • Nutrients: Chemicals for energy and building (carbs, fats, proteins).

  • Oxygen: Essential for energy release.

  • Water: Most abundant in the body.

  • Normal Body Temperature: Influences chemical reaction rates.

  • Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure: Essential for breathing and gas exchange.

Homeostasis (Pages 25-29)

  • Definition: Equilibrium in internal environment.

  • Body Fluids: Include intracellular (ICF) and extracellular (ECF) fluids.

  • Importance of Fluid Composition: Nutrient and waste exchange.

  • Challenges to Homeostasis: Physical insults, internal changes, physiological stress.

Feedback System (Pages 30-34)

  • Feedback Loop Components: Receptor, control center, effector.

  • Negative Feedback: Reverses changes (e.g., blood pressure regulation).

  • Positive Feedback: Reinforces changes (e.g., childbirth).

  • Example: Blood pressure regulation via baroreceptors and heart rate adjustments.