Notes for Skyline_SS_G7_U1_EofU Sources A–E (Northeast, Southwest, Reservations, Language, Stereotypes)

Climate: mild with plentiful rainfall; forests, mountains, lakes, and streams.
Diet and economy: farm-based societies (corn, squash, beans, pumpkins, gourds); winter storage; hunting and gathering (deer, elk, moose, waterfowl, turkeys, fish, berries, tubers, roots, nuts).
Special food sources: maple sugar; wild rice in the Great Lakes; shellfish along seashores and rivers.
Settlement pattern: villages near water; multiple dozens to a few hundred residents; palisades around villages for protection; fields beyond the palisade.
Mobility: people moved when soil declined or wood/food resources diminished.
Women’s roles: clothing from deer skins; weaving mats, baskets, belts from bark and fibers; wood and bark dishes and spoons.
Note: emphasis on forest resources and crop farming enabling settlement.

Climate: very dry; irrigation crucial where rivers (e.g., Colorado) sustain farming.
Agriculture: along waterways—corn, beans, squash, cotton; turkeys; later introductions by Spaniards (wheat, onions, watermelons, peaches, apricots).
Lifestyle variance: groups away from waterways relied more on hunting and gathering; Diné (Navajo) and Apache raided Pueblo settlements for food.
Dwellings: Pueblo villages with multi-story stone/adobe homes; cliff dwellings; ground floors often without doors/windows to deter enemies.
Textiles and crafts: Pueblo women began cotton cultivation and cloth by the AD 700s; basketry and weaving from yucca, grasses, and fibers.

Before vs. after: reservations disrupted traditional land use; lands often unsuitable for agriculture; tribes sometimes forced to share territories with enemies.
Resource finds on reservations: rich in coal, timber, gas, and minerals (notably uranium).
Uranium and energy data: Over $50\%$ of all known reserves of uranium in the United States are found on reservations; $30\%$ of low-sulfur coal reserves; $25\%$ of oil reserves.
Land ownership: lands held in trust by the government; government control can conflict with tribal wishes; leases signed without tribe awareness historically.
Environmental impact: past government leases led to pollution and health problems; tribes often lacked funds to address these issues.
Tribal management today: examples include Salish-Kootenai wilderness area ( $89{,}500$ acres) to protect habitat; hunting bans on Yakima and Warm Springs reserves; plant protection programs (Tohono O’Odham, Pima-Maricopa at Gila River); Klamath fishery restoration programs.
Key takeaway: shift from external control to tribal-led natural-resource management.

Language at risk: Arapaho language endangered; only around $extapprox 200$ Arapaho speakers remaining (Wind River Reservation, Northern Arapaho).
Community response: new Arapaho-language immersion school aims to create a new generation of native speakers.
Cultural revival rationale: immersion environments support language alongside roots and culture, not just language teaching.
Personal connections: elders recall punitive language suppression; officials emphasize value of language for identity and continuity.
Broader impact: language immersion as a model for cultural preservation beyond Arapaho.

Core claim: stereotypes harm Native nations and individuals; advocates work to eliminate dehumanizing depictions.
Public stance: Morning Star Alliance and The Elders Circle urged media and industries to stop stereotyping with harmful images.
Evidence of action: Native groups and leaders publicly speak out and propose policy and cultural changes to protect dignity.
Example of active efforts: a call to rethink how Native peoples are presented in popular culture and in policy discussions.

Environment and land: vast differences in how regions used land; reservations changed interaction with environment and resource access.
Language and identity: endangered languages (
Arapaho) and language revival through immersion programs as a path to cultural continuity.
Self-determination and governance: shift from government-controlled land use to tribal management and protections.
Representation and stereotypes: ongoing efforts to counter harmful stereotypes and advocate for respectful portrayal and policy.