MODERN-THEORIES-ON-THE-ORIGIN-OF-THE-UNIVERSE-PHYSICAL-SCIENCE-12

  • The universe began approximately 14 billion years ago from an infinitely tiny and dense point known as the singularity.

  • Initially, there was no matter; only pure energy existed.

  • A violent explosion led to the universe's inflation and expansion.

Four Fundamental MODERN THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE AND THE ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

Prepared by: Cherry P. Marañan

BIG BANG THEORY

  • Forces Formed

  1. Gravity: The force that causes attraction between bodies.

  2. Electromagnetic Force: Binds atoms into molecules.

  3. Strong Nuclear Force: Binds protons and neutrons together in the atomic nucleus.

  4. Weak Nuclear Force: Responsible for radioactive decay by breaking down an atom’s nucleus.

INFLATIONARY UNIVERSE

  • Proposed by physicist Alan Guth, this model builds upon the Big Bang theory.

  • The universe experienced a rapid expanse known as cosmic inflation about 10^-36 seconds after the Big Bang.

  • This model addresses issues of the standard model, such as the horizon and flatness problems, leading to the development of the inflationary model.

MULTIVERSE

  • The concept was developed and popularized by physicists Hugh Everett III and Bryce DeWitt in the 1960s and 1970s.

  • It suggests that our universe is just one among many "bubbles" that expanded as part of a larger multiverse.

THE ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

  • Formed from dust-sized particles originating from the Big Bang.

  • The solar system and Earth are approximately 4.54 billion years old, based on meteorite analysis which indicates simultaneous formation with the rest of the solar system.

FORMATION HYPOTHESES

ENCOUNTER HYPOTHESIS

  • One of the earliest theories for the formation of planets.

  • This hypothesis explains why planets revolve in the same direction.

NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS

  • Suggests that the solar system evolved from a large cloud of gas that contracts due to self-gravity.

PROTOPLANET HYPOTHESIS

  • Proposes that the solar system began with a fragment from an interstellar cloud composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, along with trace elements.