Capítulo 4A: ¿Cómo te llevas con los demás? Study Guide

Vocabulario de Cualidades y Personalidad

This section covers adjectives used to describe the qualities and personality traits of individuals, categorized into positive, neutral, and negative attributes.

artístico: artistic
atlético: athletic
bien educado/a: Polite, well-mannered
cortés: courteous
reservado: reserved
tranquilo: calm, quiet
cariñoso/a: affectionate
amable: kind, nice
celoso/a: jelous
chismoso/a: gossiping, nusy
comprensivo/a: understanding
considerado/a: considerate
egoísta: selfish
entrometido/a: interfering
honesto/a: honest
íntimo/a: close, intimate
sincero/a: Sincere
vanidoso/a: vo.n

Defectos y Conflictos

This section highlights negative traits (defectos) and terms related to disagreements or interpersonal issues (conflictos).

Defectos

aburrido/a: boring
desordenado/a: messy
impaciente: impatient
infantil: childish
mal educado/a: impolite/bad-mannered
tonto/a: Silly,dumb

Conflictos

la armonía: harmony
el malentendido: misunderstanding
la pelea: fight
la explicación: explanation
la culpa: blame/fault
el conflicto: Conflict
las diferencia de opinión: differences of opinion

Verbos de Interacción y Comportamiento

These verbs describe actions taken within relationships, focusing on how people behave and resolve issues. The term el comportamiento refers to behavior.

Verbos #1

resolver ( $o-ue$ ): to resolve save
hacer caso: 2 pay attention, listen
atreverse: to dare
estar equivocado/a: to be wrong
ponerse de acuerdo: to reach an agreement
pensar en sí mismo/a: to think about oneself
acusar: to accuse
tener la culpa: I to be at fault
reconocer ( $zco$ ): to recognize / admit
pedir perdón ( $e-i$ ): to apologize/ask for forgiveness
perdonar: to forgive
hacer las paces: to make peace / make v
colaborar: to collaborate/help
ignorar: to ignore
reaccionar: to react
reconciliarse: to reconcile / make up
molestar: to bother
enojarse: to get angry
discutir: to argue/to discuss
criticar: to criticize

Verbos #2

confiar ( $i-í$ ): to trust
guardar (un secreto): to keep (a scrnet-)
alegrarse: to be happy / glud
apoyar(se): to support
esperar: to hope / wait
sorprender(se): to surprise / be surprised
contar con: to count on / rely on
temer: to fear
desconfiar: to distrust
aceptar tal como (soy): to accept just as I am
cambiar de opinión: to change one's opinion
tener celos: to be jealous
tener en común: to have in common
charlar: to chat
encontrarse ( $o-ue$ ): to meet / run into each other
llevarse bien/mal: To get alone well/badly
pasarlo bien: to have a good time
quedarse en casa: to stay home
reunirse: to get together / meet
reírse ( $e-i$ ) ( $i$ ): to laugh

Frases y Expresiones Útiles

¡Ojalá!: I hope! / hopefully
el secreto: secret
la confianza: trust
la amistad: friendship
juntos/as: together
la cualidad: quality trait
¡Qué va!: no way not at all
¡Yo no fui!: it wasn't me!
¡Basta!: enough!
¡Basta ya!: enough already!
¡Déjame en paz!: Leave me alone.
¡Uf!: ugh / oof

El Subjuntivo con Verbos de Emoción

In Chapter 3, the subjunctive was introduced for expressing desires, requests, or advice. Another primary use of the subjunctive mood is when a person expresses emotion regarding someone or something else. Note that the conjunction que typically marks a change in subject, which triggers the use of the subjunctive.

Examples of Subjunctive with Emotion:

$Temo \text{ que mi amiga se enferme.}$ (I am afraid my friend will get sick.)
$Nos \text{ sorprende que el maestro nos dé un examen.}$ (We are surprised that the teacher gives us an exam.)
$Es \text{ importante que tú seas honesto.}$ (It is important that you be honest.) In impersonal expressions, the verb es counts as the first subject.

Verbs and Expressions of Emotion:

temer / temer que: to be afraid / to fear that
sentir / sentir que: to regret / be sorry that / be sim, that
alegrarse de / alegrarse de que: to be happy / to be happy / glad that
esperar / esperar que: to hope / to hope that
me, te… gusta: I / you… like / be pleasing to
me, te… enoja / me enoja que: it angers me, you… / it angers me that
ojalá / ojalá que: I hope or wish / hopefully I hope that
enojarse que: to get angry that
tener miedo que: afraid that
preocuparse que / me preocupa que: to worry that / it worries me that
me molesta que: it bothers me that
me sorprende que: it surprises me that

Impersonal Expressions of Emotion:

es bueno / es bueno que: it is good / it's good that
es malo / es malo que: it is bad / it's bad that
es una lástima que: it’s a shame/pity that
es triste que: it's sad that
es gracioso que: it's funny that
es terrible que: it's terrible that
es sorprendente que: it's surprising that
es emocionante que: it's exciting that

The Subjunctive Formula: To require the subjunctive, remember the rule: $1 + 2 + 3 = \text{subjuntivo}$ , where:

Special verb (WEIRDO-E -> emoción)
$que$
Change of subject

Aviso (Warning) on Single Subjects: If there is only one subject in the sentence, que is omitted and the infinitive is used after the conjugated verb or expression of emotion.

$(Yo) \text{ Me alegro de tener muchos amigos.}$ (I am happy to have [that I have] many friends.)
$Es \text{ triste perder un partido.}$ (It is sad to lose a game.)
$Espero \text{ ir mañana al cine.}$ (I hope to go to the movies tomorrow.)

Los Usos de Por y Para

The prepositions por and para have distinct uses in Spanish that often translate to "for" in English but function differently.

Por is used to indicate:

An exchange: often involving money. Example: $Pago \text{ dos dólares por una taza de café.}$
A substitution or replacement: acting on someone's behalf. Example: $Trabajo \text{ por mi mejor amigo cuando él está enfermo.}$
The reason for doing something: the cause or motive. Example: $La \text{ profesora se enojó por las malas notas de sus estudiantes.}$
An approximate length of time or distance: duration. Example: $Mi \text{ amigo y yo nos hablamos por varias horas.}$
A means of transportation or communication: how something is done. Example: $Mi \text{ amigo y yo nos comunicamos por correo electrónico.}$
Where an action takes place: by, through, along, or around. Example: $Mis \text{ padres corrieron por el río.}$
To get / in search of: used after verbs like $ir$ , $enviar$ , $luchar$ , or $llamar$ .

Common Expressions with Por:

por favor
por eso
por supuesto
por ejemplo
por lo general
por primera (segunda, etc.) vez
por la mañana (tarde, noche)

Para is used to indicate:

Deadlines or moments in time: a certain time in the future. Example: $Este \text{ reportaje es para el viernes.}$
A destination: where someone or something is going. Example: $Salimos \text{ para Madrid a las nueve.}$
A function or goal: what something is used for. Example: $Esta \text{ cámara digital sirve para sacar fotos.}$
The recipient of an action: who something is intended for. Example: $Este \text{ regalo de boda es para los los novios.}$
A purpose (in order to): usually precedes an infinitive. Example: $Llamé \text{ a mi amigo para contarle el secreto.}$
An opinion: perspective. Example: $Para \text{ ti, la amistad es muy importante.}$