AP 10-12 FLASHCARDS
Chapter 10:
The Cabinet
The body of advisers to the president, not mentioned in the Constitution, that George Washington established as an important part of the new federal government
Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments to the United States Constitution that protected individual liberties
Treasury Department
The cabinet office in Washington’s administration headed by a brilliant young West Indian immigrant who distrusted the people
Funding at Par
Alexander Hamilton’s policy of paying off all federal bonds at face value in order to strengthen the national credit
Assumption Plan
Hamilton’s policy of having the federal government pay the financial obligations of the states
Bank of the United States
Federally chartered financial institution set up by Alexander Hamilton and vehemently opposed by Thomas Jefferson
Political Parties
Political organizations, not envisioned in the Constitution, and considered dangerous to national unity by most of the Founders
French Revolution
Political and social upheaval supported by most Americans during its moderate beginnings in 1789, but the cause of bitter divisions after it took a radical turn in 1792
Proclamation of Neutrality
Declaration by President Washington in 1793 that announced America’s policy with respect to the French Revolutionary wars between Britain and France
Treaty of Greenville
Treaty following Miami Indians’ defeat in the Battle of Fallen Timbers that ceded Ohio to the United States but gave Indians limited sovereignty
Jay’s Treaty
International agreement, signed in 1794, whose terms favoring Britain outraged Jeffersonian Republicans
XYZ Affair
Scandal in which three French secret agents attempted to bribe U.S. diplomats, outraging the American public and causing the undeclared war with France
Alien and Sedition Acts
Law passed by Federalists during the undeclared French war that made it a criminal offense to criticize or defame government officials, including the president
Treaty of Mortefontaine
The peace treaty courageously signed by President John Adams that ended the undeclared war with France as well as the official French-American alliance
Nullification Doctrine
The doctrine, proclaimed in Thomas Jefferson’s Kentucky resolution, that a state can block a federal law it considers unconstitutional
John Adams
e. The second president of the United States, whose Federalist enemies and political weaknesses undermined his administration
Alexander Hamilton
c. Brilliant administrator and financial wizard whose career was plagued by doubts about his character and his beliefs concerning popular government
Thomas Jefferson
m. Washington’s secretary of state and the organizer of a political party opposed to Hamilton’s policies
James Madison
f. Skillful politician-scholar who drafted the Bill of Rights and moved it through the First Congress
Supreme Court
b. Body organized by the Judiciary Act of 1789 and first headed by John Jay
Funding and Assumption
h. Hamilton’s aggressive financial policies of paying off all federal bonds and taking on all state debts
Bank of the United States
g. Institution established by Hamilton to create a stable currency and bitterly opposed by states’ rights advocates
Whiskey Rebellion
a. A protest by poor western farmers that was firmly suppressed by Washington and Hamilton’s army
Federalists
o. Political party that believed in a strong government run by the wealthy, government aid to business, and a pro-British foreign policy
Republicans
d. Political party that believed in the common people, no government aid for business, and a pro-French foreign policy
XYZ
l. Secret code names for three French agents who attempted to extract bribes from American diplomats in 1797
Battle of Fallen Timbers
j. General Anthony Wayne’s victory over the Miami Indians that brought Ohio territory under American control
Alien and Sedition Acts
i. Harsh and probably unconstitutional laws aimed at radical immigrants and Jeffersonian writers
Bill of Rights
n. Ten constitutional amendments designed to protect American liberties
Washington’s Farewell Address
k. Message telling America that it should avoid unnecessary foreign entanglements—a reflection of the foreign policy of its author
Chapter 11:
1. _____excise tax_____ Hamiltonian economic measure repealed by Jefferson and Gallatin
2. ______Revolution of 1800____ Term applied by historians to suggest the dramatic, unprecedented change that took place when the Republican Thomas Jefferson defeated the incumbent Federalist John Adams for the presidency
3. ______Midnight Judges____ Derogatory Republican term for Federalist judges appointed during the last hours of his term by President Adams
4. ____Marbury vs Madison______ Precedent-setting Supreme Court case in which Marshall declared part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional
5. _____judicial review_____ The principle, established by Chief Justice Marshall in a famous case, that the Supreme Court can declare laws unconstitutional
6. _____impeachment_____ Action voted by the House of Representatives against Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase
7. ____navy______ Branch of military service that Jefferson considered least threatening to liberty and most necessary to suppressing the Barbary States
8. ____Haiti (santo domingo)______ Sugar-rich island where Toussaint L’Ouverture’s slave rebellion disrupted Napoleon’s dreams of a vast New World empire
9. ___Oregon Territory_______ Territory beyond the boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase, along the Columbia River, explored by Lewis and Clark
10. ____15 mil______ Price paid by the United States for the Louisiana Purchase
11. _____Chesapeake_____ American ship fired on by British in 1807, nearly leading to war between the two countries
12. _____embargo_____ Jefferson’s policy of forbidding the shipment of any goods in or out of the United States
13. ____war hawks______ Militantly nationalistic western congressmen eager for hostilities with the Indians, Canadians, and British
14. ____Battle of Tippecanoe______ Battle in 1811, where General William Henry Harrison defeated the Indian forces led by Tenskwatawa (the Prophet), brother of the charismatic Shawnee chief Tecumseh
15. _______Mr. Madison’s War___ Derisive Federalist name for the War of 1812 that blamed it on the Republican president
Thomas Jefferson
e. Strong believer in strict construction, weak government, and antimilitarism who was forced to modify some of his principles in office
Albert Gallatin
c. Swiss-born treasury secretary who disliked national debt but kept most Hamiltonian economic measures in effect
John Marshall
o. Federalist Supreme Court justice whose brilliant legal efforts established the principle of judicial review
Marbury v. Madison
k. Ruling based on a midnight judge case that established the right of the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional
Samuel Chase
g. Federalist Supreme Court justice impeached by the House in 1804 but acquitted by the Senate
Sally Hemings
l. One of Thomas Jefferson’s slaves at Monticello, whose affair with Jefferson has been confirmed by modern DNA evidence
Napoleon Bonaparte
n. French ruler who acquired Louisiana from Spain only to sell it to the United States
Robert Livingston
d. American minister to Paris who joined James Monroe in making a magnificent real estate deal
Toussaint L’Ouverture
m. Gifted black revolutionary whose successful slave revolution indirectly led to Napoleon’s sale of Louisiana
William Clark
i. Young army officer who joined Jefferson’s personal secretary in exploring the Louisiana Purchase and Oregon country
Aaron Burr
a. Former vice-president, killer of Alexander Hamilton, and plotter of mysterious secessionist schemes
Sacajawea
h. Shoshoni Indian who provided valuable guidance and assistance to Lewis and Clark as they crossed the Rocky Mountains
James Wilkinson
j. Traitorous military governor of Louisiana who joined Aaron Burr’s conspiracy to break off parts of the southwest from the United States
Tecumseh
f. Shawnee leader who organized a major Indian confederation against U.S. expansion
William Henry Harrison
b. Military leader who defeated Tecumseh’s brother, “the Prophet,” at the Battle of Tippecanoe
Chapter 12:
1. ___Erie_______ One of the Great Lakes where Oliver H. Perry captured a large British fleet
2. _____Star Spangled Banner_____ Stirring patriotic song written by Francis Scott Key while being held aboard a British ship in Baltimore harbor
3. ____New Orleans______ Andrew Jackson’s stunning victory over invading British forces that occurred after the peace Treaty of Ghent had already been signed
4. ____Hartford_Convention_____ Gathering of antiwar New England Federalists whose flirtation with secession stirred outrage and contributed to the death of the Federalist party
5. _____Rush Bagot Agreement_____ Post-War of 1812 treaty between Britain and the United States that limited the naval arms race on the Great Lakes
6. _____North American Review_____ Highly intellectual magazine that reflected the post-1815 spirit of American nationalism
7. _____The American System_____ Henry Clay’s ambitious nationalistic proposal for a federal banking system, higher tariffs, and internal improvements to help develop American manufacturing and trade
8. _____The Era of Good Feelings_____ Somewhat inappropriate term applied to the two Monroe administrations, suggesting that this period lacked major conflicts
9. _____Federalists_____ Once-prominent political party that effectively died by 1820
10. _____Erie Canal_____ Major water transportation route financed and built by New York State after President Madison vetoed federal funding
11. _____36, 30_____ Line designated as the future boundary between free and slave territories under the Missouri Compromise
12. _____McCulloch v Maryland_____ Supreme Court ruling that defended federal power by denying a state the right to tax a federal bank
13. _____Darthmouth v Woodward_____ Supreme Court case in which Daniel Webster successfully argued that a state could not change the legal charter of a private college once granted
14. ____Oregon Country______ Northwestern territory occupied jointly by Britain and the United States under the Anglo-American Convention of 1818
15. ____Monroe Doctrine______ A presidential foreign-policy proclamation that grandly warned European nations against colonization or interference in the Americas, even though the United States could not really enforce such a decree
Stephen Decatur
b. Military commander who exceeded his government’s instructions during an invasion of Spanish territory
Treaty of Ghent
m. Agreement that simply stopped fighting and left most of the war issues unresolved
Rush-Bagot Agreement
n. 1817 agreement that limited American and British naval forces on the Great Lakes
Hartford Convention
k. Gathering of antiwar delegates in New England that ended up being accused of treason
Henry Clay
e. Eloquent Kentucky spokesman for the American System and key architect of the Missouri Compromise in the U.S. Senate
James Monroe
l. President whose personal popularity contributed to the Era of Good Feelings
Washington Irving
i. One of the first nationalistic American writers to achieve literary recognition in Europe, he wrote Sleepy Hollow.
Missouri Compromise
a. Admitted one slave and one free state to the Union, and fixed the boundary between slave and free territories
John Marshall
d. Aristocratic Federalist jurist whose rulings bolstered national power against the states
John Quincy Adams
f. Nationalistic secretary of state who promoted American interests against Spain and Britain
George Canning
j. British foreign secretary whose proposal for a joint British-American declaration led to the unilaterally declared Monroe Doctrine
Andrew Jackson
h. American naval hero of the War of 1812 who said, “. . . our country, right or wrong!”
Daniel Webster
c. The leading voice promoting nationalism and greater federal power in the United States Senate during the 1820s
Russo-American Treaty of 1824
g. Agreement between the United States and one of the European great powers that fixed the southern boundary of that nation’s colony of Alaska
Tsar Alexander I
o. Russian ruler whose mediation proposal led to negotiations ending the War of 1812