delinquency

Juvenile delinquency can be approached from different angles: anthropological, sociological, legal.
Historical criminology explores the interaction between natural and social sciences, as well as law and medicine.
Childhood and adolescence are distinct from adulthood due to biological, psychological, and social aspects.

Childhood is influenced by social conditions; these can shape psychological development.
Children do not choose their socio-cultural environment, leading to the development of their identities based on their upbringing.
Biological and psychological traits can engender a subordinate societal position.
Unacceptable behavior in youths is termed "deviant" or "delinquent," often misunderstood and calling for special treatment.

The discussion on crime and delinquency has varied over time, from punishment theories in the 18th century to evolution-focused views in the 19th.
Darwin's theories impacted criminology by emphasizing biological factors in criminal behavior.

Cesare Lombroso: Proposed the concept of the "born criminal" indicating biological predispositions to delinquency.
- Noted influences like illegitimate birth and orphans on criminal behavior.
- Advocated against violent upbringing as a factor leading to criminal behavior.
Gina Lombroso-Ferrero: Compared children's behaviors to those of primitive beings, suggesting inherent impulses without moral training can lead to delinquency.
- Observed that injuries in childhood can have serious consequences later in life.
R. Garofalo: Emphasized the physical traits of delinquents indicating a predisposition to violence or theft.
A. Tappan: Highlighted hereditary factors' significance on mental deviations but recognized unknowns in their operation.

Criminologists argue psychological abuse or neglect leads to delinquent behavior.
The idea of a child’s maladjustment being derived from unfulfilled desires manifesting as aggression.
Psychoanalysis, highlighted by Freud, links aggression in children to familial relationships and childhood guilt.

Environmental factors like poverty and family discord contribute to a child's propensity for delinquency.
Positive mother-child relationships can mitigate factors related to negative environments.
Families of criminals can socialize children into accepting criminal behavior as normal.

D. Daniels’ aggression theory posits that children imitate violent parental figures.
Experimental studies showed children exposed to aggressive adults were more likely to exhibit aggressive behaviors themselves.
Koshischek noted that aggressive behaviors are often learned through family dynamics and may perpetuate cycles of violence.

Specific family relations (e.g., conflicts, alcohol addiction) can lead to child victimization.
Incomplete families may impair the development of secure parent-child bonds, fostering delinquent behaviors.
Parental authority and repressive attitudes contribute to a culture where aggression and deviance can thrive.

The understanding of juvenile delinquency necessitates an interdisciplinary approach, blending biological, psychological, and social factors for comprehensive solutions.