AL

Untitled Flashcards Set

Section 1: Body Model & Homeostasis

  1. What does the overly simplified box model of the body represent?

  2. How is anatomy involved in constructing this model?

  3. Define homeostasis.

  4. What is negative feedback? Provide an example.

  5. How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback?

  6. Which feedback loop component is present in a positive feedback loop but not in a negative one?

  7. Define set point in physiological regulation.

  8. What is an error signal?

Section 2: Metabolism & Body Fluids

  1. How is Body Mass Index (BMI) calculated?

  2. List the signs and symptoms of diabetes.

  3. Name and describe the various tests used to diagnose diabetes, including time frames and levels.

  4. What is total body water, and why is it important?

  5. Name the body fluid compartments and describe their differences.

Section 3: Membrane Transport & Forces

  1. Compare passive transport and active transport.

  2. What is a chemical driving force? Is it positive or negative?

  3. What does a positive or negative value in chemical driving force indicate?

  4. How can a membrane be selectively permeable? What factors determine permeability?

  5. What crosses the membrane easily, and what does not?

  6. How is membrane potential calculated?

  7. What are chemical and electrical forces in the context of membrane transport?

  8. What does equilibrium potential represent?

Section 4: Cellular Transport Mechanisms

  1. How does the sodium/potassium pump work, and what is its function?

  2. Explain glucose transport mechanisms.

  3. Define simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion.

  4. Differentiate between primary and secondary active transport.

  5. Define osmosis and its role in cellular function.

  6. Explain osmolarity (iso-, hypo-, hyper-).

  7. What is tonicity, and how does it affect cells?

  8. Define and describe endocytosis, exocytosis, and transcytosis.

Section 5: Chemical Messengers & Receptors

  1. What is a paracrine chemical messenger?

  2. How do lipophobic and lipophilic ligands differ?

  3. Explain the chemical classification of messengers.

  4. What is messenger half-life, and why is it important?

  5. What is receptor affinity?

  6. What role do transport proteins play in signaling?

  7. What determines the magnitude of a target response?

  8. What is the difference between up-regulation and down-regulation?

  9. Define agonists and antagonists.

Section 6: Endocrine System & Signal Transduction

  1. How do G Protein–Coupled Receptors work?

  2. What is the function of second messenger systems?

  3. Define signal amplification in cellular communication.

  4. What are endocrine glands, and what is their function?

  5. Name the primary endocrine organs and the hormones they produce.

  6. How do secondary endocrine organs differ from primary endocrine organs?

  7. Name the regions of the adrenal gland and what is produced in each.

  8. What happens when there is abnormal hormone secretion?

  9. Describe different types of hormone interactions.