Ch 3 + 4 BIO

  1. Monomer: A building block for macromolecules, “one unit”

  2. Macromolecule/Polymer: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids, Polymers= “many units”

  3. Monosaccharide/Disaccharide/Polysaccharide Monosaccharides “one sugar” are monomer of crabohydrates, classified by number of carbons they contain, disaccharides are two monosaccharides linked together “two sugars”, often used by plants to transport sugars, Polysaccharies are complex carbohydrate macromolecules formed by long chains of monosaccharides by glycosidic linkages, type of glysoidic linkage dictates the function of the polysaccharide

  4. Glycosidic linkage A chemical bond that connects a carbohydrate molecule to another molecule

  5. Describe dehydration synthesis (condensation) and hydrolysis reactions.

Dehydration synthesis is when water is removed as the monomers are combined, all 4 types of macromolecules  are broken down by hydrolysis reactions, which are the reverse of dehydration synthesis, where water is added as the bonds between monomers are broken

  1. List the monosaccharide composition of the disaccharides lactose and sucrose, and tell where each is found:

Maltose= Glucose + Glucose, found in malted barley & used to make beer and malted milk

Lactose= Glucose+Galactose, found in milk & milk products

Sucrose: Glucose + Fructose, common sources are sugar cane & sugar beets

  1. Identify the structure and location of the energy-storage polysaccharide starch and glycogen

Starches are found in plants, composed of long chains of glucose monomers with few to no branches, amylose name of unbranched starch, amylopectin a starch with a few branches, plants store starch so it can be broken down into glucose monomers when needed for fuel

Glycogen is a highly branched energy-storage polysaccharide in animals, composed of glucose monomers, but is more highly branched. Found in muscle, liver, & fat cells in animals, hydrolyzed to release gluocse when energy needed, broken down fatser than starch due to more branches

  1. Identify the location of the structural polysaccharides cellulose, chitin and peptidoglycan.

Cellulose is a plant polysaccharide, which is a mojor component of plant cell walls, protect plant cells and malke them stiff

Chitin a structural polysaccharide found in fungi, algae, & animals, stiffens the wall of fungi and some algae and is an important component of the exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans, most organisms can’t digest chitin

Peptidoglycan, a structural polysaccharide that maes protective cells walls of most bacteria 

  1. List four major functions that carbohydrates perform in cells.

Energy storage, Structural molecules, used to build complex molecules, serve as cell identity markers