Foundation tbl

Health of the Individual, Family & Community

Introduction

  • Humans are complex organisms influenced by internal and external environments.

  • Meeting basic human needs is essential for health and survival.

Individual's Basic Human Needs

  • Consider both physical and psychosocial needs.

  • Abraham Maslow developed a hierarchy of basic human needs.

  • Maslow's hierarchy helps establish priorities of care.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

  • Presented in a pyramid shape, with basic needs at the bottom and higher-level needs at the top.

  • Move on to higher-level needs when basic needs are fulfilled.

Levels of Needs

  1. Physiological needs

  2. Safety and security needs

  3. Love and belonging needs

  4. Self-esteem needs

  5. Self-actualization needs

Physiological Needs

  • Oxygen, water, food, temperature, elimination, physical activity, and rest.

  • Oxygen is essential for cell survival.

  • Evaluate oxygen needs through assessment.

  • Balance between fluid intake and elimination.

  • Assess water balance through intake, output, skin condition, and weight.

  • Food balance maintained through digestive and metabolic processes.

  • Waste elimination through various body systems.

  • Assess nutritional status through weight, muscle mass, strength, and lab values.

  • Body functions best within a narrow temperature range.

  • Assess body temperature as a vital sign.

  • Rest and sleep allow the body to be free of stress.

  • Individual requirements for rest and sleep vary.

  • Factors influencing sleep include age, environment, exercise, stress, and medication use.

Safety and Security Needs

  • Protection from harm.

  • Nurses carry out activities to meet physical safety needs.

Love and Belonging Needs

  • Understanding and acceptance of others.

  • Nursing interventions include involving family and friends in care, establishing a nurse-patient relationship, and referring patients to support groups.

Self-Esteem Needs

  • Feeling good about oneself, pride, and sense of accomplishment.

  • Nurses can help meet self-esteem needs by respecting values and beliefs, encouraging goal-setting, and facilitating family support.

Self-Actualization Needs

  • Reaching full potential and developing unique capabilities.

  • Lower-level needs must be met to some degree before this need can be satisfied.

  • Indicators of self-actualization include achieving potential, happiness, care for others, respect for all, and ability to discern good and evil.

The Family

  • A group of people who live together and depend on each other for support.

  • Essential for the health and survival of individuals and society.

  • Role of the family is to meet basic human needs.

Family Structures

  • Nuclear family: two parents and their children.

  • Extended family: includes close relatives.

  • Single-parent family: divorced, widowed, or never married.

Family Function

  • Provides a safe and comfortable environment.

  • Provides financial aid.

  • Raises children.

  • Provides emotional comfort.

The Family in Health and Illness

  • Family plays a role in health care activities, beliefs, and values.

  • Family-centered nursing care is important.

  • Illness in one member affects the entire family.

  • Family's health status can be improved through health promotion activities.

  • Illness in one member suggests the possibility of the same problem in others.

Nursing Interventions for the Family in a Health Crisis (Page 25)

  • Provide teaching that is honest, open, and respectful

    • Helps the family understand the situation and make informed decisions

  • Use therapeutic communication skills

    • Establish a trusting relationship with the family

  • Make referrals to community healthcare and financial resources

    • Support the family with realistic hope and assistance

  • Involve family members in the plan of care and implementation of care

    • Promote collaboration and shared decision-making

Family Risk Factors for Health Problems (Page 26)

  • Lifestyle Risk Factors

    • Lack of knowledge about family life

    • Lack of prenatal or child care

    • Alterations in nutrition (obesity or underweight)

    • Chemical dependency (alcohol, drugs, nicotine)

  • Psychosocial Risk Factors

    • Inadequate childcare resources

    • Inadequate income for basic needs

    • Conflict between family members

  • Environmental Risk Factors

    • Lack of knowledge or finances for safe living conditions

    • Work or social pressures causing stress

    • Air, water, or food pollution

  • Developmental Risk Factors

    • Families with new babies and no support systems

    • Older people living alone or on a fixed income

  • Biologic Risks

    • Birth defects

    • Mental retardation

    • Genetic predisposition to certain diseases

Nursing Interventions to Promote Health of the Family (Page 29)

  • Family with children

    • Family planning clinics, prenatal classes

    • Well-child clinics, immunization information

    • Vision and hearing screenings, dental health information

    • Safety in the home, daycare, school, neighborhood, and community

  • Family with adolescents and young adults

    • Accident prevention programs

    • Sex education

    • Mental health programs

    • Screening for chronic illness

  • Family with middle-aged adults

    • Blood pressure screenings

    • Screening for chronic illness

  • Family with older adults

    • Screening for chronic illness

    • Nutrition and exercise information

    • Home safety information

    • Retirement information

    • Pharmacology information

The Community (Page 33)

  • A community is a specific population or group of people living in the same geographic area with common values, interests, and needs.

  • A healthy community:

    • Offers access to healthcare services for all members

    • Provides essential infrastructure like roads, schools, and playgrounds

    • Maintains a safe and healthy environment

Factors Affecting Community Health (Page 34)

  • Number and availability of healthcare institutions and services

  • Housing, telephone, police, and fire departments

  • Nutritional services for low-income individuals

  • Waste disposal services and locations

  • Air and water pollution, food sanitation

  • Health education services and distribution

  • Recreational opportunities

Social Support System (Page 36)

  • Social support systems consist of people who help meet financial, personal, physical, and emotional needs.

  • Family, friends, and neighbors provide the best social support within a community.

  • It is important to know who and what provides support, such as family, neighbors, friends, religious areas, and organizations.

Community Healthcare Structure (Page 37)

  • The size and location of the community determine the types of healthcare services available.

  • Urban residents have various means of transportation to healthcare providers, while rural residents may need to travel long distances for care.

  • County and state funding for community healthcare services also determine the type and number of institutions and agencies available.

Economic Resources (Page 38)

  • Financial and insurance coverage affect an individual's access to healthcare services within a community.

Environmental Factors (Page 39)

  • The quality of air and water differs across communities.

  • Large urban areas are often affected by air pollution, while smaller communities may be at risk for water pollution.

  • Environmental barriers to accessing healthcare include lack of transportation, distance to services, and location of services.

Nursing in the Community (Page 40)

  • Manage acute or chronic health problems, promote health, and facilitate self-care.

  • Must be culturally competent and family-centered.

  • Nurses also provide community services as volunteers in health-related activities.

  • Community-based nurses are employed in various practice settings, including home care, community health centers, school nursing, and occupation