To what extent were the Populists successful in achieving their goals by 1900?  

\ \

Political Factors

Keating Owen Act - prohibited the interstate trade of goods produced with child labor.

  • %%Many states had child labor laws in place before the rapid industrialization of the late 1800s. Early trade unions, such as%% The Knights of Labor, %%advocated the abolition of child labor entirely in the early 1870s. While some safeguards were in place to protect child laborers and encourage school attendance, children were largely at the mercy of parents and non-compliant employers.%%

18th Amendment - alcohol prohibition; ratified 1919.

  • %%Ratified on January 16, 1919, the 18th Amendment prohibited the “manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors". The major force behind Prohibition was 150 years of pressure by the Temperance Movement, combined with the ideals of the early 20th century Progressive Movement. Progressives especially supported prohibition, as these reformers tried to convince their fellow residents of the U.S. to live a more moral lifestyle.%%

19th Amendment - prohibited voter discrimination on basis of sex.

  • %%U.S. Secretary of State Bainbridge Colby certifies the 19th Amendment on August 26, 1920, giving women the Constitutional right to vote. First proposed in Congress in 1878, the amendment did not pass the House and Senate until 1919. The 19th Amendment was added to the Constitution, ensuring that American citizens could no longer be denied the right to vote because of their sex.%%

NAWSA - National American Women’s Suffrage Association became a significant political pressure group of the passage of an amendment to secure a woman’s right to vote.

  • %%The National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) was an organization formed on February 18, 1890, to advocate in favor of women's suffrage in the United States. It played a pivotal role in the passing of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which in 1920 guaranteed women's right to vote.%%

^^Susan B. Anthony/Elizabeth Cady Stanton^^/==Alice Paul== - ==Joined==/^^was the leader^^ of NAWSA to expand and scope out more factors to draw media attention, hence the Silent Sentinals.

  • %%Alice Paul was one of the most prominent activists of the 20th-century women's rights movement. An outspoken suffragist and feminist, she tirelessly led the charge for women's suffrage and equal rights in the United States.%%

\

Economic Factors

Atlanta Compromise - Brooker T. Washington detailed the strategy of achieving racial equality, primarily through vocational training for African Americans.

  • %%In it, Washington suggested that African Americans should not agitate for political and social equality, but should instead work hard, earn respect and acquire vocational training in order to participate in the economic development of the South. (1895)%%

Niagara Movement - demanded equal economic and educational opportunity as well as the vote for Black men and women.

  • %%The Niagara Movement was a movement of African-American intellectuals that was founded in 1905 at Niagara Falls by such prominent men as W. E. B. DuBois and William Monroe Trotter. The movement was dedicated to obtaining civil rights for African-Americans.%%

W. E. B. DuBois - A civil rights leader who was also a professor at an all-Black University and the first African American with a doctorate from Harvard, who was also a spokesperson for the Niagara Movement.

  • %%In 1905, DuBois met with a group of 30 men at Niagara Falls, Canada. They drafted a series of demands essentially calling for an immediate end to all forms of discrimination. The Niagara Movement was denounced as radical by most whites at the time.%%

  \

Social Factors

Silent Sentinels - A fraction of the National Women’s Party who picketed the White House for two and a half years by not speaking a word.

  • %%Enlarge Image ​​​​​​​​The sentinels were a faction within the National Woman's Party who picketed the White House for two and a half years from January 1917 to June 1919 to visibly advocate for woman suffrage.%%

NAACP - National Association for the advancement of people of color, a platform used to express views on a variety of issues facing African Americans in the later Progressive Era.

  • %%Founded in 1909, the NAACP is the nation's oldest civil rights organization. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, the association led black civil rights to struggle in fighting injustices such as the denial of voting rights, racial violence, discrimination in employment, and segregated public facilities.%%

Talented Tenth - DuBois, and others alongside him, wished to carry a more direct path towards equality that drew on the political leadership and litigation skills of the Black, educated elite which he turned into the “talented tenth.” (Basically a mixture of political and social factors.)

  • %%Talented Tenth, (1903), a concept espoused by black educator and author W.E.B. Du Bois, emphasizes the necessity for higher education to develop the leadership capacity among the most able 10 percent of black Americans.%%

\