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Skull Anatomy

Anterior View of Skull (Figure 1.2)

• Frontal Bone: Forehead region, forms the front part of the skull.

• Coronal Suture: Junction between frontal and parietal bones.

• Parietal Bone: Forms the top and sides of the skull.

• Sagittal Suture: Connects the two parietal bones at the top of the skull.

• Frontal Squama: Flat part of the frontal bone.

• Glabella: Smooth part of the frontal bone between the eyebrows.

• Supraorbital Foramen: Opening above the eye socket allowing for nerves and blood vessels.

• Supraorbital Margin: Thickened ridge below the eyebrow.

• Optic Foramen: Opening for the optic nerve into the eye socket.

• Superior Orbital Fissure: Slit in the bone for nerves and blood vessels.

• Sphenoid Bone: Butterfly-shaped bone at the base of the skull.

• Ethmoid Bone: Forms part of the nasal cavity and eye sockets.

• Lacrimal Bone: Small bone forming part of the eye socket.

• Perpendicular Plate: Part of the ethmoid that forms the nasal septum.

• Infraorbital Foramen: Opening below the eye socket.

• Inferior Nasal Concha: Turbinate bone contributing to nasal structure.

• Temporal Bone: Side of the skull, houses internal structures of the ear.

• Nasal Bone: Small bones forming the bridge of the nose.

• Zygomatic Bone: Cheekbone.

• Vomer: Part of the nasal septum.

• Mental Foramen: Opening on the mandible for nerves and blood vessels.

• Mandible: Lower jawbone.

• Maxilla: Upper jawbone.

Lateral View of Skull (Figure 1.3)

• Squamous Suture: Connects the temporal bone to the parietal bone.

• Temporal Squama: Thin, flat part of the temporal bone.

• Lambdoid Suture: Connects the parietal bones with the occipital bone.

• Mastoid Portion: Part of the temporal bone behind the ear.

• Occipital Bone: Forms the back and base of the skull.

• External Auditory Meatus: Ear canal opening.

• Mastoid Process: Large bony prominence behind the ear.

• Condyle TMJ: Joint structure connecting the mandible to the skull.

• Zygomatic Arch: Formed by the zygomatic process of the temporal bone and temporal process of the zygomatic bone.

Inferior View of Skull (Figure 1.7)

• Foramen Magnum: Large opening for spinal cord connection.

• Occipital Condyle: Rounded protuberances articulate with the spine.

• External Occipital Protuberance: Bump on the back of the skull used for muscle attachment.

• Mastoid Foramen: Hole behind the mastoid process.

Floor of the Cranium (Figure 1.8)

• Crista Galli: Projection of the ethmoid bone.

• Olfactory Foramina: Openings for olfactory nerves.

• Cribriform Plate: Part of the ethmoid bone that supports the olfactory bulb.

• Hypophyseal Fossa: Holds the pituitary gland.

• Greater Wing: Of the sphenoid bone, contributing to the lateral wall of the skull.

Fetal Skull Fontanels (Figure 1.17)

• Fontanels: Soft spots on a fetus’s skull that allow for flexibility during birth.

• Anterior Fontanel: Largest fontanel at the front of the skull.

• Posterior Fontanel: Smaller, located at the back.

• Lateral Fontanels: Located on the sides of the skull.

Cervical Vertebrae (Figure 1.22)

• Atlas (C1): First cervical vertebra, supports the skull.

• Axis (C2): Has the dens (odontoid process) allowing rotation of the head.

• Typical Cervical Vertebra: C3-C7, characterized by transverse foramen.

Sacrum and Coccyx Anatomy (Figure 1.24)

• Sacrum: Composed of five fused vertebrae, forming the back of the pelvis.

• Coccyx: Small tailbone at the end of the vertebral column.

• Sacral Foramina: Openings for nerves to exit the sacrum.

Thorax Anatomy (Figure 1.25)

• Sternum: Breastbone comprised of the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.

• Clavicular Notch: Junction with the clavicle.

• Costal Cartilage: Connects ribs to sternum.

Scapula Structure (Figure 1.26)

• Medial (Vertebral) Border: Edge of the scapula closest to the spine.

• Glenoid Cavity: Socket for the shoulder joint.

Humerus Anatomy (Figure 1.28)

• Greater and Lesser Tubercle: Projections for muscle attachment.

• Capitulum: Round knob on the lateral side for the radius.

• Trochlea: Pulley-shaped structure for the ulna.

Radius and Ulna Structure (Figure 1.27)

• Head of Radius: Proximal end that articulates with the humerus.

• Olecranon: Prominent part of the ulna at the elbow.

Hand and Wrist Anatomy (Figure 1.30)

• Carpals: Eight small bones forming the wrist:

  • Scaphoid

  • Lunate

  • Triquetrum

  • Pisiform

  • Trapezium

  • Trapezoid

  • Capitate

  • Hamate

• Metacarpals: Five bones forming the palm.

• Phalanges: Finger bones (proximal, middle, distal).

Pelvis Anatomy (Figure 1.32)

• Ilium: Uppermost and largest part of the pelvis.

• Ischial Spine: Bony projection of the ischium.

• Pubic Symphysis: Joint where two pubic bones meet.

Femur Anatomy (Figure 1.31)

• Greater and Lesser Trochanter: Projections for muscle attachment.

• Intercondylar Fossa: Notch between the condyles on the distal femur.

Tibia and Fibula Structure (Figure 1.34)

• Tibia: Larger, weight-bearing bone of the lower leg.

• Fibula: Smaller bone providing stability.

Ankle and Foot Bones (Figure 1.35)

• Tarsals: Seven bones including Calcaneus and Talus.

• Metatarsals: Five long bones in the foot.

• Phalanges: Bones of the toes (proximal, middle, distal).