Photo 2

Skull Anatomy

Anterior View of Skull (Figure 1.2)

  • Frontal Bone: Forehead region, forms the front part of the skull.

  • Coronal Suture: Junction between frontal and parietal bones.

  • Parietal Bone: Forms the top and sides of the skull.

  • Sagittal Suture: Connects the two parietal bones at the top of the skull.

  • Frontal Squama: Flat part of the frontal bone.

  • Glabella: Smooth part of the frontal bone between the eyebrows.

  • Supraorbital Foramen: Opening above the eye socket allowing for nerves and blood vessels.

  • Supraorbital Margin: Thickened ridge below the eyebrow.

  • Optic Foramen: Opening for the optic nerve into the eye socket.

  • Superior Orbital Fissure: Slit in the bone for nerves and blood vessels.

  • Sphenoid Bone: Butterfly-shaped bone at the base of the skull.

  • Ethmoid Bone: Forms part of the nasal cavity and eye sockets.

  • Lacrimal Bone: Small bone forming part of the eye socket.

  • Perpendicular Plate: Part of the ethmoid that forms the nasal septum.

  • Infraorbital Foramen: Opening below the eye socket.

  • Inferior Nasal Concha: Turbinate bone contributing to nasal structure.

  • Temporal Bone: Side of the skull, houses internal structures of the ear.

  • Nasal Bone: Small bones forming the bridge of the nose.

  • Zygomatic Bone: Cheekbone.

  • Vomer: Part of the nasal septum.

  • Mental Foramen: Opening on the mandible for nerves and blood vessels.

  • Mandible: Lower jawbone.

  • Maxilla: Upper jawbone.

Lateral View of Skull (Figure 1.3)

  • Squamous Suture: Connects the temporal bone to the parietal bone.

  • Temporal Squama: Thin, flat part of the temporal bone.

  • Lambdoid Suture: Connects the parietal bones with the occipital bone.

  • Mastoid Portion: Part of the temporal bone behind the ear.

  • Occipital Bone: Forms the back and base of the skull.

  • External Auditory Meatus: Ear canal opening.

  • Mastoid Process: Large bony prominence behind the ear.

  • Condyle TMJ: Joint structure connecting the mandible to the skull.

  • Zygomatic Arch: Formed by the zygomatic process of the temporal bone and temporal process of the zygomatic bone.

Inferior View of Skull (Figure 1.7)

  • Foramen Magnum: Large opening for spinal cord connection.

  • Occipital Condyle: Rounded protuberances articulate with the spine.

  • External Occipital Protuberance: Bump on the back of the skull used for muscle attachment.

  • Mastoid Foramen: Hole behind the mastoid process.

Floor of the Cranium (Figure 1.8)

  • Crista Galli: Projection of the ethmoid bone.

  • Olfactory Foramina: Openings for olfactory nerves.

  • Cribriform Plate: Part of the ethmoid bone that supports the olfactory bulb.

  • Hypophyseal Fossa: Holds the pituitary gland.

  • Greater Wing: Of the sphenoid bone, contributing to the lateral wall of the skull.

Fetal Skull Fontanels (Figure 1.17)

  • Fontanels: Soft spots on a fetus’s skull that allow for flexibility during birth.

  • Anterior Fontanel: Largest fontanel at the front of the skull.

  • Posterior Fontanel: Smaller, located at the back.

  • Lateral Fontanels: Located on the sides of the skull.

Cervical Vertebrae (Figure 1.22)

  • Atlas (C1): First cervical vertebra, supports the skull.

  • Axis (C2): Has the dens (odontoid process) allowing rotation of the head.

  • Typical Cervical Vertebra: C3-C7, characterized by transverse foramen.

Sacrum and Coccyx Anatomy (Figure 1.24)

  • Sacrum: Composed of five fused vertebrae, forming the back of the pelvis.

  • Coccyx: Small tailbone at the end of the vertebral column.

  • Sacral Foramina: Openings for nerves to exit the sacrum.

Thorax Anatomy (Figure 1.25)

  • Sternum: Breastbone comprised of the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.

  • Clavicular Notch: Junction with the clavicle.

  • Costal Cartilage: Connects ribs to sternum.

Scapula Structure (Figure 1.26)

  • Medial (Vertebral) Border: Edge of the scapula closest to the spine.

  • Glenoid Cavity: Socket for the shoulder joint.

Humerus Anatomy (Figure 1.28)

  • Greater and Lesser Tubercle: Projections for muscle attachment.

  • Capitulum: Round knob on the lateral side for the radius.

  • Trochlea: Pulley-shaped structure for the ulna.

Radius and Ulna Structure (Figure 1.27)

  • Head of Radius: Proximal end that articulates with the humerus.

  • Olecranon: Prominent part of the ulna at the elbow.

Hand and Wrist Anatomy (Figure 1.30)

  • Carpals: Eight small bones forming the wrist:

    • Scaphoid

    • Lunate

    • Triquetrum

    • Pisiform

    • Trapezium

    • Trapezoid

    • Capitate

    • Hamate

  • Metacarpals: Five bones forming the palm.

  • Phalanges: Finger bones (proximal, middle, distal).

Pelvis Anatomy (Figure 1.32)

  • Ilium: Uppermost and largest part of the pelvis.

  • Ischial Spine: Bony projection of the ischium.

  • Pubic Symphysis: Joint where two pubic bones meet.

Femur Anatomy (Figure 1.31)

  • Greater and Lesser Trochanter: Projections for muscle attachment.

  • Intercondylar Fossa: Notch between the condyles on the distal femur.

Tibia and Fibula Structure (Figure 1.34)

  • Tibia: Larger, weight-bearing bone of the lower leg.

  • Fibula: Smaller bone providing stability.

Ankle and Foot Bones (Figure 1.35)

  • Tarsals: Seven bones including Calcaneus and Talus.

  • Metatarsals: Five long bones in the foot.

  • Phalanges: Bones of the toes (proximal, middle, distal).