RNA

What is the main function of DNA in a cell? Stores genetic information and instructions for building proteins.

What are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA? Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine.

What are the base-pairing rules for DNA? Adenine pairs with Thymine, and Cytosine pairs with Guanine.

What are the three parts of a nucleotide? A phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

What are two key differences between DNA and RNA? DNA is double-stranded with deoxyribose/thymine; RNA is single-stranded with ribose/uracil.

What is the role of mRNA? Carries genetic instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome.

What does tRNA do during translation? Delivers specific amino acids to the ribosome by matching its anticodon to the mRNA codon.

Where does transcription take place in a eukaryotic cell? Inside the nucleus.

What enzyme builds the mRNA strand during transcription? RNA polymerase.

If a DNA template strand is TAC GGA, what is the mRNA sequence? AUG CCU.

Where does translation take place? In the cytoplasm at a ribosome.

How many nucleotides make up a single codon? Three.

What does the start codon (AUG) code for? Methionine.

What is the sequence of the central dogma of molecular biology? DNA -> RNA -> Protein.

What is a frameshift mutation? An insertion or deletion of nucleotides not a multiple of three that shifts the reading frame.