Unit 4 Notes on Prep Book

Beginnings of Modern American Democracy (1800-1848)

The “Revolution of 1800”

  • Democratic Republicans were born of the Federalists

    • Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr

  • Jefferson won the presidnecy and Hamilton campaigned for him

Election of 1800

  • President had VP he didn’t want

  • Federalists to Democratic Republicans without violence

Jefferson’s Presidency: the Jeffersonian Republic from 1800-1823

The First Term

  • Adams and his midnight appointments that led to Marbury v. Madison

    • judicial review was therefore established

  • Louisiana Purchase!!!

    • Spain gave New Orleans to the French and the French knew the location restricted American trade paths

    • It was bought for 2 million, right when the french were abandoning it anyway

    • Got the whole territory for 15 million (a steal)

  • Jefferson was a strict interpretor of the USC, making the purchase a struggle since it wasn’t clearly stated

    • Resolved issue by claiming his POTUS power to negotiate treaties

    • Purchased without congressional approval

  • Federalists opposed it because the thought western states would be more democratic and they’d lose political power

    • Essex Junto fomred, panning to secede

  • Lewis and Clark were sent to explore the new lands (Sacajawea)

Jefferson: Here We Go Again!

  • The War of 1812 interrupted his presidency

  • Embargo Act and Non Intercourse Act

  • James Madison defeated the Federalists in the next election

Madison’s Presidency

  • Macon’s Bill No. 2 reopened trade with France and Britain

  • War Hawks saw the war as a chance to grab new territories like Canada

    • Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun

    • Wanted confrontation with the British

  • Also during War of 1812

  • Championed the expansion of the National Road and rechartering the National Bank

  • American System (protective tariffs passed to protect the new American industry

    • Henry Clay lobbied for it a lot

The War of 1812

  • British and French were at war and at a stalemate

  • Began blockading trade routes of each other

  • US depended on both and suffered greatly

  • British stopped American ships and impressed them

  • Jefferson boycotted

  • Embargo Act of 1807 was passed (Jefferson)

    • Shut down American import and export business, was disastrous

  • Non Intercourse Act of 1809 reopened trade with all except France and Britain (also Jefferson)

  • Madison passed Macon’s Bill No. 2 to reopen French and British trade but promised to cut off trade with th other one if either country renounced interference with American trade

  • Ended with Treaty of Ghent

  • Federalists had opposed the war because of its trade disruption and considered an overhaul of the Constitution in Hartford

    • Hartford Convention

The War’s Origins

  • The chief Tecumseh unified area tribes to stop American expansion into Indiana and Illinois

  • British had been arming Native Americans against new settlers

  • Tecumseh’s brother the Prophet led a revival of traditional culture

  • Tecumseh was killed in battle

  • American forces weren’t prepared

  • British captured DC in 1814 (White House in flames)

  • America fought to a stalemate

Consequences of the War

  • Represented the end of Native Americans’ ability to stop American expansion

  • The American economy became more independent from British trade

  • Andrew Jackson became a celebrity with his Battle of New Orleans victory, paving the way for his Presidency in the future

  • New Orleans victory = national euphoria

  • Popularity of the war destroyed the Federalists who had opposed it

  • It showed American politicians that objecting to going to war could end their careers

  • American manufacturing was spurred on because htey suddenly lost major trade partners and had to make stuff themsevles

Monroe’s Turn!! (The Monroe Presidency)

  • The Era of Good Feelings

  • Only onoe polticial party after the Federalists died

  • McCulloch v. Maryland in 1819 strengthened national supremacy

    • Ruled that states coudl not tax the National Bank

  • Panic of 1819 hurt American economy

    • Growth, inflation, adn land sepculation destabalized the economy

  • National Bank called in loans that counld’t be paid

  • Monroe won reelction in 1820 with n oother political opposition

John Quincy Adams’s Determination

  • Was Secretary of State under Monroe

  • Negotaited many treaties

  • Adams-Onis Treaty

    • promised to never try to take action to gain Mexico in exchange for Florida

  • Monroe Doctrine

    • Policy of mutual noninterference

    • Told Europe to stay out of the Americas, and they’d stay out of Europe

    • America could intervene in their hemisphere if security felt threatened

    • appeared to work

  • New expansion brought slavery into question

  • Even balance of slave and free states in Union in 1820 in the Senate

  • Missouri Compromise:

    • Entered Missouri as a slave state

    • Entered Maine as a free state

    • 36’30 parallel across Louisiana Territory preventing slavery above it

    • Southern boarder of Missouri as northernmost point for slavery

      • Missouri developed from Louisiana Purchase

The Political and Social Events of the 1800s

1824 Election and John Quincy Adams as the Newest POTUS

  • Election of 1824

    • States allowed voetesr to choose presidentail electors themselves for the first time

      • Congressional caucuses had done before

    • The caucus system died when voters got more power and Democratic Republcians opposed

  • Speaker of the House Clay supported Adams despite Jackson running

    • Clay therefore became the secretary of state as a corrupt bargain

  • Adams’s Presidency was limited by Congress since they supported Jackson mroe than him

  • Jackson wanted states rights so his federal expansions failed

The Jacksonian Presidency and Democracy

  • The Democratic Party sprung up from his efforst

  • He was pissed he lost in 1824 and wanted to try again with better support

  • Campaign was vicious and stron gcolatiion backed him up

  • He won by a large margin

  • Advertised as a self made man with the interests of the West in mind

  • Dismissed many gonverment officials and replaced with his supports (Spoils System)

  • Jacksonian Democracy replaced Jeffersonian Republicanism

  • Jefferson: nation of farmers

  • Jacksonian: universal white manhood suffrage

    • Voting rights for all white men

  • He was a strong presient

  • Popular

  • Not a coherent government vision thoguh

  • Indian Removal Act under him in 1830

    • Hurt them badly, was horrific

    • America had thought they could coexist peacefully, but Jackson destroyed dreams of that

    • Five Civilized Tribes (Cherokee) had developed own govnerment and land

    • Jackson wanted to move them away from white society to proetc them

    • They went ot SCOTUS twice but Jackson refused to hear their decisions

    • Moved them forcefully with the Trail of Tears and launcehd the SEminole War they won

Nullification and the Bank

  • Nullification held that individual states could disobey federal laws if they found them unconstitutional

  • Judicial review had been estbalihsed

  • The Tariff of 1828 (or of Abominations) was passed during Adams

  • John C. Calhoun (SC) argued that states wcould nullify the tariff if it was deemed unjustly high

    • Southern states were in support of nulifying

  • Tariff of 1832 failed to lower it enough

  • South Carolina nullified teh tariff

  • Jackson atuhorized a Force Bill and theranted to call in troops to enforce it

    • Calhoun adn Clay broekred a compromise to diffuse tensions

  • Jackson and his economic policies fouces on disturst of govnerment adn northeast power

  • DOwnsized the federal govnerment adn strenghtend teh presidency with the veto

  • Reform movements were fought against (they wanted more government actoin)

  • The Second Bank of the United States failed because of his veto

    • He started depostiing its money into state banks

  • McCulloch v. Maryland case ruled against him using a loose interprestation of the commerce clause in the constitution

  • He had the Specie Circular, ending teh policy of selling govnemrent land on credit, requitred paying cash

    • Caused a decrease in teh treasury and money shortage

    • Panic of 1837

    • Overturned later

Extra Little Details :)

  • Nat Turner had his rebellion

  • Rallied a gang and killed 60 whites

  • 200 enslaved people were executed

  • Slave codes were passed to restrict slaves even further, preventing congregations and learning to read

Election of 1836 and the Whigs

  • The Whigs were the oppostion to Jacksonian Democrats

  • Believed in goveernment activism with social issues

  • Deeply religious

  • Temperance

  • Defining characteristic was thier oppositon to teh Democrats

  • Jackson’s second VP was Buren, who won the election

    • His presidency saw an economic downturn that guaranteed a single term

  • William Henry Harrison was the first Whig POTUS

    • died after a month

  • John Tyler took over

    • states rights!!

Economics (here we go
)

The Market Economy is Born

  • Manufacturing and transportation developments built the market economy

    • Made it possible to produce and trasnport goods en masse

  • People trade labor or goods for cash adn use them to buy others’s labor or goods

  • Mass production was the name of the game

  • Farmers weren’t self-sufficient anymroe, though

  • Market economies grew quickly

  • Made people interdependent

  • Boom and bust cycles developed as the economy went from subsistence to market

  • Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793 and made it muhc easier to remove seeds from the cotton plant

    • cotton production exploded

  • Interchangeable parts were also Whitney

    • Revolutionized mass production methods

    • Develop parts and put them together to be able to replace them easily!

  • Machine-tool indsutry and assembly line production developed

North’s Textile Industry

  • The power loom made it muhc faster to produce htreat and fabric

  • Lowell system developed to entice workesr and help grow the textile indsutry and accomodate demand

    • Guaranteed employment and housing

  • Labor unions first began organizing

  • Clothing manufacturers, Retailers, brokers, and commercial banks all developed in respnose

Transportation: Canals đŸš€ Railroads🚂Highways🛣 Steamships 🛳

  • The national road was built to make travel easier

  • The Erie Canal developed IN new York and linked the Great Lakes and European shipping routes

    • Becmae better for a farmer to sell to eastern buyers

  • Railroads replaced the canal era

  • Steamships traveled faster than sailing vessels and were important freight and passenger ships

  • Railroads made land travel eons easier

    • Lines could be connected via gauge

    • Government paid despite them being privately owned

  • Telegraph was invented to allow faster communication

  • Moved a lot faster in the 1800s

Farming

  • Mechanization of farming with plow, sower, reaper, andcotton gin

  • Northeastern farmers struggled with terrina and poor soil

  • Midwest was grain source for America

  • South had plantations that foucesd on cotton

  • Tobacco was still a cash crop

Westward Expansion

  • Louisiana Purchase freed up land

  • Manifest Destiny

    • americans beleived it was thier god-given right to populate the western lands

Texas

  • Mexico declared Spanish independence

  • Mexican governemtn had liberal land policies that made thousands flood to the region to become cattle ranchers

  • They were promised citieznship

  • Settlers ignored mexican no-slavery law and rebelled

  • Estbalished independence with teh battle of the Alamo in 1836

  • Texas was the Republic of Texas for a bit

    • slavery was guaranteed there

Oregon and California

  • Oregon Territory was quite popular

  • Large Native and British population lay in wait, and so did Russians

  • Polk adminsitraiton secured it with a treaty

  • California had a gold rush in 1848, contirbuting greatly to its population

Economic Reasons for Regional Differences

  • The North, South, and West were very different with sectional strife

The North

  • Industrialized

  • Advanced communications, transportation, industyr, and banking made it a commercial center

  • Farming was less importnat

  • Slavery was becoming less and less legal

  • Liked tariffs becuase they made imports mroe expnseive and reduced comeptition wtih American goods

The South

  • Agrarian

  • Tobacco and cotton

  • Wnated to protect slavery

  • Wanted new slave territories to strengthen their desires

  • Disliked tariffs because they raised prices by eliminating competiton

The West

  • Interests in commercial rfarming, real estate, and fur traping

  • Distursted the North bc of powerful banks

  • Little use for the South

  • Avoided invovlment with slavery issue

Social History of the 1800-1860 Era

North and American Cities

  • Cities needed powerful urban governemtns to oversee expansion

    • Cities were toxic and dirty places

  • Cities meant jobs for many

    • Craftsmen and blacksmiths

  • Social advancement

  • Labor unions

  • Middle and upper class had socieites

  • Leisure options! (Theaters and sports)

  • South had great disparity and uneven distribution of weatlh

    • Elite controlled personal wealth

    • Middle class were tradesmen and brokers

    • Cult of domesticity glroofied home life

    • Working class below that

    • Irish immigration contirbuted to these numbers

  • Cities saw riots with tensiosn from religious and ethnic strife

The South and Rural Life

  • Southerners were rural!

  • Few centers fo commerce, limited infrastructure

  • Not a storng market economy

  • Aristorcracy of plantation owners formed since the welathy domianted southern society politically, sociallly ,and economicallyh

  • SOuthern paternalism

    • way to convince others that slavery was justifed becuase African Americans were unable to care for themselves

  • Enslaved people had limited power and bad conditions

  • Physical and psychological degradation

  • Slave revolts had little success, thoguh they had subtler revolts

  • Yeomen landholders were in the minority

  • South ahd 250,000 free blacks who were freed by owners or REvolutionary war

  • Slave code prevneted them from doing a lot with prejudice

The West and Frontier Living

  • Louisiana, Texas, California, all exapnded territory

  • Gold Rush drew population to Pacific

  • Govnerment encouraged western settlers by selling reduced rates of land to war veterans and loaning money

  • Settlers discovered potnetial to grow grain and did so

  • Fur trading was common

  • Cattle ranchers and miners

  • Rugged adn hard life that offered wealth, freedom, adn social advancemnt more than other American regions

Religious and Social Movements

  • Second Great Awakening (second go round!)

    • Methodists, PResbuterians, Baptists

    • Charles Finney toured rural New York and South spreading evangelicalism

    • Churhc memebrship soared

    • Mormons and Shakers were inspried

    • women became more active

  • Tempreance societies formed

  • Tempereance movement led by women

  • Reform societies supported penitentiaries, asylums, and orphanages

  • Dorothea Dix wnated to rehabiliatte prisoners intead of just separating them

  • Shakers developed (Utopian Quakers) believing that they and all other churhces were too neglectful of the afterlife

  • Brook Farm was one of many utopian experiemntal socieits

    • Home to transcendetntalists believing that humans had divine elemtns

    • Thoreau and Emerson

  • Hudson River School Paitners was a school of American art

  • Mormons accepted polygamy and were strongly opposed by meny, but had storng sense of community in Utah

  • Antebellum reofrm movements sprung form the SEcond Great Awakening

  • Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott had the Seneca Falls Convention in 1840

    • Founded the National Woman Suffrage Association in 1869

  • Horace Mann campaigned for pulic education adn education reform in general

    • McGuffey’s Reader populaized standardiezedd books in edcuation

Abolition!

  • American Colonization Society wanted to repatriate enslaved people to Liberia

  • Whit eabolitionists spoke out

  • Modereators wnated emancipation tobe slow

  • Immediatists wanted emanipcaiton at once

  • William Lloyd Garrison published the LIberator and the American Antislavery Society

    • Fought against slavery and modrates

  • Congress had a gag rule that prevneted discussion of slavery

  • David Walker, Frederick Douglas, Harriet Tubman were all improtnat figures for African Americans and teh abolition movement