Kinematics, Dynamics, Waves, and Electrostatics Study Notes

Chapter 1: Kinematics

Problem 1

• A 10-g penny is dropped from a building that is 125 m high.
• Initial condition: Penny is at rest.
• Approximate time for penny to hit the ground:
    - Choices:
      (A) 3.2 s
      (B) 4.5 s
      (C) 10 s
      (D) 15 s
      (E) 20 s

Problem 2

• A car in a drag race starts from rest and accelerates with a constant acceleration to a velocity of 50 m/s over a distance of 500 m.
• What was the car's rate of acceleration?
    - Choices:
      (A) -5.0 m/s²
      (B) −2.5 m/s²
      (C) 0.5 m/s²
      (D) 2.5 m/s²
      (E) 5.0 m/s²

Problem 3: Motion of the Car and Velocity vs. Time Graph Analysis

Graph Analysis

• Based on the following graph:
      - Velocity (m/s)
        - Regions C, D, and E:
          - (A) It is slowing down until it reverses direction and speeds back up again.
          - (B) It moves at a constant velocity in the negative direction.
          - (C) It accelerates at a constant, nonzero acceleration except at point C when its acceleration is zero.
          - (D) Its position changes at a constant rate.
          - (E) It moves at a constant positive acceleration throughout the trip.

Problem 4

• Magnitude of acceleration in region A:
    - Choices:
      (A) 0 m/s²
      (B) 3 m/s²
      (C) 5 m/s²
      (D) 10 m/s²
      (E) 30 m/s²

Problem 5

• Acceleration rate of the car at the 6-second clock reading:
    - Choices:
      (A) 0 m/s²
      (B) -15 m/s²
      (C) -30 m/s²
      (D) +30 m/s²
      (E) -60 m/s²

Problem 6

• Rank the average velocities of the car in regions A, B, C, and E:
    - Choices:
      (A) A > B > C = E
      (B) B = A > C = E
      (C) B > A = C = E
      (D) B > A = C > E
      (E) A > B > C = E

Chapter 2: Dynamics: Newton's Laws

Problem 51

• Newton's law of equilibrium: The first law, mathematically states that Σ F = 0.

Problem 52

• A student claims two spheres of different mass dropped from rest above the Moon will hit the ground at the same time. Correct assessment is:
    - (A) The more massive sphere will hit the surface first because it's heavier.
    - (B) Neither will hit the surface because there is no gravity on the Moon.
    - (C) The less massive sphere will hit the surface first due to its smaller profile.
    - (D) They will hit at approximately the same time.

Problem 53

• A box slides to the right on a horizontal surface.
• The friction force is:
    - (A) Perpendicular to the surface.
      (B) Force in direction of motion that allows the box to move.
      (C) Proportional to normal force acting opposite to direction of motion.
      (D) Proportional to normal force acting in direction of motion.
      (E) Proportional to the square of the box's weight acting in direction of motion.

Chapter 3: Circular Motion and the Universal Law of Gravitation

Problem 101

• A car moves in a horizontal circle of radius 10 m with a tangential velocity of 30 m/s. What is the car's acceleration?
    - Choices:
      (A) 3 m/s² toward the center
      (B) 3 m/s² away from the center
      (C) 90 m/s² toward the center
      (D) 90 m/s² away from the center
      (E) 270 m/s² toward the center

… (Continues with more details organized by chapter and problem) …