The emergence of empires is one of the most common topics studied by historians. The Roman Empire, like the Persian Empire, sprang from the outskirts of civilization and was an improbable rags-to-riches narrative.
Legend has it that the city's population was so low that Romans were forced to abduct women from the surrounding area to keep it afloat. Rome thereafter became the capital of a massive imperial empire that spanned the Mediterranean basin and comprised sections of continental Europe, Britain, North Africa, and the Middle East, in a change of epic proportions.
The Romans began their empire-building enterprise with this governmental structure and these ideals, a process that lasted more than 500 years.
There was no overarching plan or blueprint for the construction of the Roman empire, and there were no precedents to instruct the Romans. They built something entirely new: an empire that stretched over the whole Mediterranean basin and beyond. It was a piecemeal approach that the Romans viewed as defensive.
Despite Rome's strategic location in the Mediterranean basin, it was the army, which was "well-trained, well-fed, and well-rewarded," that established the empire. 10 That army, which drew on Italy's expanding population, was frequently harsh in battle. For example, Carthage was completely devastated; the city was razed to the ground, and the city's people were either slaughtered or forced to flee.