WHAP - Time Period 2
Unit 3: Land-Based Empires
Major European Developments
After 300 years of development, Europe become the dominant world power
Revolutions in European Thought and Expression:
1300s: Europe had been Christian for over a thousand years
As countries began to unify and connect more, especially with countries who had preserved their history, Europe expanded its worldview and explored its past and 4 cultural movements happened
The Renaissance
As trade increased, people moved to the cities and an influx of money was experienced - a lot of money went to studying the past
Humanism: focus on personal accomplishment, happiness, and life on earth instead of living for the goal of salvation
Afterlife remained dominant in the Catholic Church
Arts have a comeback
People could afford art again - Medici family patrons of Michelangelo and Brunelleschi
Artists focused on realism - Leonardo da Vinci and Donatello
Western writers have an audience
mid-1400s: Johannes Gutenberg invents the printing press - made books easy to produce and affordable, and accessible to everyone
led to more literate people
The Protestant Reformation
Catholic Church was one of the most powerful organizations in the Middle Ages - power in politics and society - undisputed authority
Church capitalized off its many followers with indulgences: paper faithful could purchase to reduce time in purgatory
Nobles and peasants began getting increasingly frustrated by the church’s exploitation and noticed its corrupt nature
Martin Luther: German monk who published his list of complaints against the church - most significantly proposed salvation was given directly through God, not through the church, which significantly reduced the church’s influence
Pope Leo X: excommunicated Luther when he refused to recount his idea
Christianity split - Luther’s ideas led to many others to come forward
Lutherans: Luther’s followers - separated from Catholic Church
Calvinism - John Calvin: predestination - only a few people would be saved by God, great influence in Scotland and France
When the pope refused to annul King Henry VIII’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon because a heir wasn’t produced, he declared himself the head of religious affairs - presided over Church of England/Anglican Church
Jesuits - Ignatius Loyola: prayer and good works leads to salvation
Catholic Reformation (16th century)
Catholic church attempts to remedy some of their controversies and regains some of its credibility - still wanted authority and control
Council of Trent: reinstated pope authority, punished heretics, reestablished Latin as only language in worship
Caused wars
Scientific Revolution
Expanded education led to world discoveries
Copernican Revolution: Nicolaus Copernicus - discovered earth and other celestial bodies revolved around the sun and the earth rotated on its axis
Galileo: built off Copernicus’s theories and proved them - forced to recant by the Catholic Church and put under house arrest
Scientific Method: shift from reasoning being most reliable means of scientific meaning to scientific method (theory, documentation, repetition, others experimenting)
Tycho Brahe, Francis Bacon, Johannes Kepler, Sir Isaac Newton
Led to Industrial Revolution, and many rejecting the church - atheists (believe no god exists), deists (believe God exists, but is passive)
Deism: became popular in 1700s - God created the earth but doesn’t interfere in its workings
Key rebellions in 17th and 18th centuries:
Ana Nzinga’s Resistance (Kingdoms of Ndongo and Matamba) - 1641-167
Resisted Portuguese colonizers
Cossack Revolts (Modern-day Ukraine) - 17-18th century
Resisted Russian Empire but were eventually defeated
Haitian Slave Rebellion (Haiti) - 1791-1804
Resisted France and eventually achieved independence for Haiti
Maratha (India) - 1680-1707
Resisted Mughal Empire and defeated them starting the Maratha Empire
Maroon Societies (Caribbean and Brazil) - 17th-18th century
Resisted slave-owners in Americas and avoided attempts to be recaptured and sold
Metacom’s War (US) - 1675-1678
Resisted British colonists over unfair trade practices
Pueblo Revolts (US) - 1680
Resisted Spanish colonizers and their encomienda system, but victory was temporary
After 300 years of development, Europe become the dominant world power
Revolutions in European Thought and Expression:
1300s: Europe had been Christian for over a thousand years
As countries began to unify and connect more, especially with countries who had preserved their history, Europe expanded its worldview and explored its past and 4 cultural movements happened
The Renaissance
As trade increased, people moved to the cities and an influx of money was experienced - a lot of money went to studying the past
Humanism: focus on personal accomplishment, happiness, and life on earth instead of living for the goal of salvation
Afterlife remained dominant in the Catholic Church
Arts have a comeback
People could afford art again - Medici family patrons of Michelangelo and Brunelleschi
Artists focused on realism - Leonardo da Vinci and Donatello
Western writers have an audience
mid-1400s: Johannes Gutenberg invents the printing press - made books easy to produce and affordable, and accessible to everyone
led to more literate people
The Protestant Reformation
Catholic Church was one of the most powerful organizations in the Middle Ages - power in politics and society - undisputed authority
Church capitalized off its many followers with indulgences: paper faithful could purchase to reduce time in purgatory
Nobles and peasants began getting increasingly frustrated by the church’s exploitation and noticed its corrupt nature
Martin Luther: German monk who published his list of complaints against the church - most significantly proposed salvation was given directly through God, not through the church, which significantly reduced the church’s influence
Pope Leo X: excommunicated Luther when he refused to recount his idea
Christianity split - Luther’s ideas led to many others to come forward
Lutherans: Luther’s followers - separated from Catholic Church
Calvinism - John Calvin: predestination - only a few people would be saved by God, great influence in Scotland and France
When the pope refused to annul King Henry VIII’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon because a heir wasn’t produced, he declared himself the head of religious affairs - presided over Church of England/Anglican Church
Jesuits - Ignatius Loyola: prayer and good works leads to salvation
Catholic Reformation (16th century)
Catholic church attempts to remedy some of their controversies and regains some of its credibility - still wanted authority and control
Council of Trent: reinstated pope authority, punished heretics, reestablished Latin as only language in worship
Caused wars
Scientific Revolution
Expanded education led to world discoveries
Copernican Revolution: Nicolaus Copernicus - discovered earth and other celestial bodies revolved around the sun and the earth rotated on its axis
Galileo: built off Copernicus’s theories and proved them - forced to recant by the Catholic Church and put under house arrest
Scientific Method: shift from reasoning being most reliable means of scientific meaning to scientific method (theory, documentation, repetition, others experimenting)
Tycho Brahe, Francis Bacon, Johannes Kepler, Sir Isaac Newton
Led to Industrial Revolution, and many rejecting the church - atheists (believe no god exists), deists (believe God exists, but is passive)
Deism: became popular in 1700s - God created the earth but doesn’t interfere in its workings
European Rivals
Spain and Portugal
Spain became very powerful, supporting exploration, expansion of Spanish language and culture, and having a large naval fleet
Under Charles V, Spain controlled parts of France, the Netherlands, Austria, Germany, Spain, America
Under Charles’s son Philip, the Spanish Inquisition to oust heretics was continued, the Dutch Protestants under Spain revolted to form independent the Netherlands - lost a lot of money in mid-17th century and was poised to be defeated by England and France
Portugal focused on dominating costal Africa, Indian Ocean, Spice Islands - lost control to Dutch and British
England
Henry VIII never succeeded in having a male heir - his daughter Elizabeth I became Queen
Elizabethan Age (1558-1603): expansion, exploration, colonization in New World - golden age
Muscovy Company: first joint-stock company - British East India Company
James I: succeeded Elizabeth in 1607 - England and Scotland under one rulership, reforms to accommodate Catholics and Puritans failed
Charles I: succeeded James in 1625 - signed Petition of Rights (limiting taxes and forbidding unlawful imprisonment) - ignored it for the next 11 years
Scottish invaded England out of resentment for Charles in 1640 - called the Long Parliament into session (sat for 20 years), which limited the powers of the monarchy
Parliament raised an army, under Oliver Cromwell, to fight the King after he tried to arrest the
Parliament defeats the king and executes him - began the English Commonwealth (Oliver Cromwell known as the first Lord Protector)
Oliver Cromwell: intolerant of religion, violent against Catholics and Irish - highly resented
Charles II: exiled son of Charles I invited by Parliament to reclaim the throne as a limited monarchy after Cromwell died (Stuart Restoration)
Agreed to Habeas Corpus Act: prevents people from arrests without due process
James II: succeeded Charles II after his death - highly disliked, fear he would make England a Catholic county - driven from power by Parliament (Glorious Revolution)
Succeeded by his daughter Mary and her husband William - signed English Bill of Rights (1689)
France
Unified and centralized under strong monarchy after Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)
Largely Catholic, but French Protestants started to emerge (Huguenots) and fought with the Catholics
Henry IV: issued Edict of Nantes (1598) (environment of tolerance between religions) - first of Bourbon kings who ruled until 1792
Cardinal Richelieu: chief advisor to the Bourbons who compromised with Protestants instead of fighting with them
Created the bureaucratic class noblesse de la robe, succeeded by Cardinal Mazarin
Louis XIV: reigned from 1642-1715 - highly self-important and grandiose, condemned many Huguenots, never summoned the French lawmakers, appointed Jean Baptiste Colbert to manage royal funds - France almost constantly at war to increase empire
War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714): Louis’s grandson was to inherit the Spanish throne, so England, Roman Empire, and German princes united to prevent France and Spain from combining
German Areas (Holy Roman Empire?)
Holy Empire was in present day Austria/Germany - weak due to the mixed dynamics, rulership, and religion of the surrounding area
Lost parts of Hungary to Ottoman Turks in early 16th century
Devastated by Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)
German states were gaining power by 18th century
Peace of Augsburg (1555): intended to bring end to conflicts between Catholics and Protestants
Thirty Years’ War: began when protestants in Bohemia challenged Catholics - violent and destructive
Peace of Westphalia (1648): German states affirmed to keep the peace
Russia
Russian leaders were overthrowing reigning Mongols in late 15th century
Moscow became centre of Orthodox Christianity
Ivan III refused to pay tribute to Mongols and declared them free from their rule - lead Russians, later Ivan IV did too
Recruited peasants freedom from boyars (their feudal lords) if they conquered their own land themselves
Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible): strong leader feared by many - executing people who were threats to his power
Battle for throne after Ivan IV died without an heir - Time of Troubles (1604 to 1613): killing those who tried to rise to the throne
Michael Romanov was elected by feudal lords until 1917 - Romanovs consolidated power and ruled ruthlessly
Peter the Great: ruled from 1682-1725 - redesigned and adapted Russia in to westernized fashion
Catherine the Great: ruled from 1762-1796 - education and Western culture - serf conditions were of no importance to her
</p>
Islamic Gunpowder Empires
Ottoman Empire precedes 1450 - founded by Osman Bey as the Mongol Empire fell
Eventually invaded Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire (Constantinople now named Istanbul)
Ottomans were Islamic and solidified rule over territory from Greece to Persia to around Mediterranean into Egypt and northern Africa by giving land (timars) to Ottoman aristocrats to control
Employed practice called devshirme: enslaved Christian children and turned them into warriors called Janissaries
Selim I: came into power in 1512, led much of the empire growth, made Istanbul centre of Islamic civilization
Suleiman I: succeeded Selim I in 1520, build Ottoman military and arts - golden age from 1520-1566
Took over parts of Hungary, but could not successfully take over Vienna
Babur: Mongol leader who invaded northern India in 1526 - Mughal Empire (dominated for next 300 years)
United entire subcontinent
Akbar: succeeded Babur from 1556 to 1605 - united India further with religious toleration, did give Muslim landowners (zamindars) power to tax
Hindus and Muslims lived side by side in a golden age of art and thought - under Shah Jahan, the Taj Mahal was built
Aurangzeb: emperor who ended religious toleration and waged wars to conquer rest of India - Hindus were persecuted
Europeans arrived in early 17th century to trade and spread ideas - after 1750 is when Britain turned into an imperial superpower
Africa
Starting in 10th century, wealth accumulated from trade - Songhai, Kongo, and Angola became powerful kingdoms
Songhai:
Islamic state
Sunni Ali: ruler 1464-1493 - navy, central administration, financed Timbuktu - fell to Moroccans
Asanti Empire: arose in 1670 - avoided invasion and expanded its territory
Kongo:
King Alfonso I: Catholic, and converted his people
Mostly destroyed by previous allies Portugal
Angola:
Established by Portuguese around 1575 for the slave trade
Queen Nzinga resisted Portuguese attempts to further their control for 40 years
Isolated Asia
China
Ming Dynasty was restored until 1644 after kicking out Mongols in 1368
Built huge fleets in early 15th century to explore Asia and Indian ocean - Zheng He: famous Chinese navigator
Economy started failing due to silver currency inflation, famines in 17th century, peasant revolts
Qing warriors were invited to help Ming emperor but instead ousted him in 1644
Qing/Manchus ruled China until 1911
Not ethnically Chinese so had to affirm legitimacy - displayed imperial portraits with Chinese historical items
Kangxi: ruled from 1661 to 1722 and conquered Taiwan, Mongolia, central Asia, Tibet
Qianlong: ruled from 1735 to 1796 and conquered Vietnam, Burma, Nepal
were both Confucian scholars
Did not interact a lot with surrounding nations, protected their culture
Japan
Shoguns ruled Japan in 16th century, but Christian missionaries came in and Jesuits took control of Nagasaki - westernization
Tokugawa Ieyasu: established Tokugawa Shogunate (Edo period) from 1600 to 1868 - strict government that instituted a rigid social class model
Moved capital of Japan to Edo (modern-day Tokyo)
National Seclusion Policy (1635): prohibited Japanese from traveling abroad and prohibited most foreigners
Japanese culture thrived - Kabuki theatre and haiku poetry became popular
Resistance
Key rebellions in 17th and 18th centuries:
Ana Nzinga’s Resistance (Kingdoms of Ndongo and Matamba) - 1641-167
Resisted Portuguese colonizers
Cossack Revolts (Modern-day Ukraine) - 17-18th century
Resisted Russian Empire but were eventually defeated
Haitian Slave Rebellion (Haiti) - 1791-1804
Resisted France and eventually achieved independence for Haiti
Maratha (India) - 1680-1707
Resisted Mughal Empire and defeated them starting the Maratha Empire
Maroon Societies (Caribbean and Brazil) - 17th-18th century
Resisted slave-owners in Americas and avoided attempts to be recaptured and sold
Metacom’s War (US) - 1675-1678
Resisted British colonists over unfair trade practices
Pueblo Revolts (US) - 1680
Resisted Spanish colonizers and their encomienda system, but victory was temporary
Unit 4: Transoceanic Interconnections
European and Expansion
Portuguese and Spanish controlled major shipping routes in Indian Ocean, Indonesia, Atlantic Ocean
Portugal financed explorations
Prince Henry the Navigator (King John I’s son)
Vasco da Gama: explored eastern Africa, India
Spain also did:
Financed Christopher Columbus: explored Americas
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494): agreement between Spain and Portugal to split colonized land between them
England, Netherlands, France launched own explorations to acquire new colonies - caused rise in nationalism and powerful monarchies
Explorers
Amerigo Vespucci (1500): South America
Ponce de Leon (1513): Florida
Vasco de Balboa (1513): Central America
Ferdinand Magellan (1519): South America to Philippines
Giovanni da Verrazzano (1524): North America
Sir Francis Drake (1578): circumnavigated the globe
John Cabot (1497): North America
Henry Hudson (1609): Hudson River
Products that aided new explorations:
Sternpost Rudder: invented in China - better control of ships
Lateen Sails: invented in Roman Empire - allowed directional control of ships
Astrolabe: navigation device that measured distance between sun and stars on horizon to determine latitude
Magnetic Compass: developed in China - determine direction
Three-Masted Caravels: large ships fit for longer journeys
The New World: Accidental Empire
Spanish explorers found great wealth in Aztec and Inca Empires
Hernando Cortés: landed on coast of Mexico in 1519 - sought to exploit the Aztec Empire of their gold and spices
Neighbouring states were willing to help Spanish conquer Aztecs as they had taken over a lot of the neighbouring communities - or those who didn’t cooperate were forced or killed
Became very hungry for wealth and quickly seized Montezuma and began a siege of Tenochtitlan
Disease: Ultimate Weapon of Mass Destruction
Spanish brought smallpox to the Aztec Empire which reduced their population from 20 million in 1520 to 2 million in 1580 - Spanish were able to take control in 1525
Francisco Pizarro took over Inca Empire in 1531 partially due to spreading disease to them
Pizarro was in control of the Inca Empire by 1535
The Encomienda System
Spanish implemented a hierarchical colonial society as they took over the New World
Structure:
Peninsulares: Spanish officials governing the colonies
Creoles: Spanish born in colonies to Spanish parents - barred from high positions but were educated and wealthy
Mestizos: those with European/Native American ancestry
Mulattos: those with European/African ancestry
Native Americans
Viceroys: governors of each of 5 regions of New Spain - established the encomienda system (system of forced labour of the natives and African slaves)
African Slave Trade
Slaves brought to New World to work on the plantations and mines
Europe exploited a system of slavery already existing in Africa - prisoners were supposed to serve their captors before being released
Europeans traded for their surplus of enslaved people, but didn’t understand that they were supposed to be released
As demand for slaves in Europe increased, Europe became even more ruthless - kidnapping Africans, causing wars, forcing rulers to give up their citizens
Slaves were forced onto ships, chained below deck, and endured brutal Middle Passage
Around 13 million Africans were taken - 60% to South America, 35% to Caribbean, 5% to North America, around 20% of people on each trip perished
The Columbian Exchange
Transatlantic transfer of animals, plants, diseases, people, technology, ideas among Europe, Americas, and Africa
Never before had so much moved across the ocean
Transfer of food products caused population increase in Europe, Asia, and Africa
Two key products: sugar (plantations appeared all over Spanish colonies), silver (mining also in Spanish colonies) - both used significant forced labour
Spanish control of silver opened doors in Ming China
The Commercial Revolution
Age of Exploration: trading, empire building, conquest - due to financing schemes
Banking became a respectable practice - lead to joint-stock company (pool resources of merchants to distribute costs and reducing dangers of individual investors)
Led to huge profits and modern-day concept of stock markets
Muscovy Company, Dutch East India Company took over trade routes
Mercantilism: theory that creating a favourable balance of import and export was best - of course, this led to Europe’s intense colonialism to match their import demand
Caused resentment in colonies
Europe established limited trade with China from 16-18th century
Portugal gained control of Spice Islands to gain access to China
China and Japan still highly limited their trade with them
Developments in Specific Countries - 1450-1750
Major movements of the times affected parts of Europe differently
People with power guarded it
Peasant class weren’t able to participate in any developments
Powerful states were also developed in Middle East, India, China, and Japan
Monarchies contributed to development of strong loyalties and led to many conflicts/wars