a pee ur shitting study guide

Unit 1 - American Colonization

• Welcome to Ay Pee Ur Shitting History!
• Key Terms and OI
• Summaries of lessons
• More stuff

Key Term + OI

1. 1 - Pre Columbian Society

• Before Europeans arrived.
• Great Plains: Sioux and Cheyenne
  • Tech: Contribute to antiviral medications, used weapons like bows
  • Agriculture: Soil was bad, nomadic lifestyle
• Southeast: Cherokee and Seminole
  • Agriculture: slash and burn
  • Religion: Ancestral religion
  • Tech: Chickee house for shelter, writing system, alphabet, more
• Northeast: Iroquois and Mohawk
  • Agriculture: maize, beans, squash
  • Religion: Animalism, monotheism
  • Technologies: knives, various farming equipment
• Southeast: Apache, Navajo, Pueblo
  • Corn, squash, beans, pumpkins, forage for acorns
  • Various nature and ancestral related gods
  • Sand painting, scrolls, various tools, clay buildings
• Great Basin/Plateau: Nez Perce and Shoshone
  • Lack of farmable land, hunt and gather (bison and buffalo)
  • Animalistic
  • Knives and hunting tools
• Central/South America: Aztec, Maya, Inca
  • Slash and burn, floating gardens, save space, efficient farming
  • Calendars, Incas created complex words

1.a - Pre Columbian Societies

• 1st people came across the Bering Strait from Asia
• Bering Strait was a land bridge
• Natives create complex societies based on where they settled
• “Pre Columbian” = before Columbus came to America
• Maize changed societies from mostly nomadic to rely on agriculture
• Pueblo: hot temperatures -> use irrigation to cultivate Maize
• Great Plains Indians: nomads, hunted and gathered, hunted bison
• Many east coast tribes were hunter gatherers, but also developed agricultural, both farmed and hunted
• Pacific Northwest: acquired food from fishing, and animals in the forest, near the ocean
• Cahokia: extremely well developed. Agricultural system and massive population

1.2 - European Colonization

• Before Europe
  • Natives had went from nomads to many focusing on maize cultivation
  • More sophisticated: three sisters agriculture: focused on three different crops (ex: corn, bean, squash)
  • Many in Europe thought they were savages and didn’t know how to live properly, though they were doing fine
• Age of Exploration
  • Monarchs in Europe: Strong Monarchs (Ferdinand+Isabella of Spain, Queen Elizabeth I England) they strengthened and lead to competition
  • Silk Road: showed more sophistication and brought new goods from other places
• New navigation: Wanted to travel, get new goods. Travel to Africa? Go West?
  • Caraval: Small, fast ships
  • Compass: For navigation
  • Spain and Portugal arrived most quickly
  • Abundance of silver, gold, other desirable materials
  • Bring back to Europe -> expand economy of Spain
  • Treaty of Tordesillas: Made by pope to divide America, though Spain gets a much bigger piece of land
• Motives for exploration (Gold Gold and Glory)
  • God: religion, wanted to spread Christianity. Spain in particular was strongly Catholic and wanted to spread religion, also using this as an excuse to continue expanding, saying they were saving souls
  • England became protestant -> competition over spreading religion
  • Gold: Want more wealth for their country
  • Glory: Monarchs want to prove that they are strong and their countries are powerful -> more exploration
• 1st world map: Amerigo Vespucci (where America gets its name)
• Printing press: allowed knowledge to spread fast, though this wasn’t always true or accurate. False/deceptive info painted Europe as 1st to America, even though natives obviously there first
• Columbian Exchange: new food and products brought from America to Europe, which greatly improved life. America received animals, fruit, but a lot of diseases
  • Europe was able to more easily conquer natives:
  • Guns were powerful weapons that the natives had never seen
  • Steel: advanced tools to overpower them
  • Germs/disease wiped out many, who didn’t understand germ theory and how illness worked
  • Germs -> slavery (European diseases wiped out lots of natives, so African Americans brought for a better labor source, more immune
• Spanish colonization
  • Encomienda: Plantation system to enslave natives, very brutal leads to deaths, Spanish use native labor to provide goods, sent back to Europe
  • Mestizo = Half European/Half native, sometimes enslaved
  • Spanish Missions: West coast of North, South, Central America to spread Christianity to natives
  • Natives seen as inferior and uncivilized
  • De Las Casas: exposed wrongdoings and the mistreatment of natives
• Britain
  • Competition with Spain very intense, became a race (Spain even attacked England, Spanish Armada)
  • Black Legend: some misinformation, paint Spanish as very evil with their actions in America, though England wasn’t much better
  • Joint Stock Companies: Businesses to set up colonies -> expanded trade and bring back resources and more wealth
• Dutch:
  • New Netherlands were set up, specialized in fur trading and more permanent settlements were built. New Amsterdam was a very important trading port.
  • French and Dutch more friendly with natives, who would help them out with fur trading
• French
  • Fur trade, mostly in Canada
  • Largely religious reasons, many Huguenots left to freely practice their religion
  • Permanent settlements
  • Set up good relations with natives

1.3 - Southern Colonies

• Part of 13 original colonies
• Motive = God Gold Glory
• The Virginia Company
  • A Joint Stock Company (investors pool together their money for less risk) encouraged by Queen Elizabeth
  • One of the most famous = Virginia Company, created first permanent settlement-Jamestown
  • Those who came were often people with nothing to lose or something holding them back (ex: poor, 2nd and 3rd sons with no inheritance). Often people hoping to get money and leave
  • Choosing to stay: Virginia Charter: given the Rights of an Englishmen, even in the colonies, regardless of previous class
• Life upon arrival
  • Lots of resources and land, but no gold
  • Problems = natives, disease, swamp land
  • Natives had already created settlements, which led to problems as colonists came into conflict with them (Anglo-Powhatan Wars)
  • Mosquitos: Dangerous w/diseases like malaria
  • Swamp land = no gold, were going into winter without much food
  • Starving Time: Many died of disease and starvation, first winter of Jamestown, even resorted to cannibalism to live
• John Smith
  • Helped save Jamestown, after the devastating Starving Time, to focus on long term stability
  • “No work, no food” had to put in effort to live
  • Not the savior, but did a lot to help the settlers
• John Rolfe
  • Real savior
  • Introduction of tobacco, very profitable cash crop, which grew really well in these colonies, led to a lot of wealth
  • An economy based on agriculture in the South
• House of Burgesses
  • An early sign of democracy, as people were upset with monarchies and powerful governments; this was created in Jamestown
  • People got to vote (but only rich white men)
• Natives
  • A bad relationship formed, especially w/Powhatans
  • Tensions as they moved West -> Anglo Powhatan Wars, ends when Pocahontas marries John Rolfe
  • 2nd war -> Massacre of 1622
  • By 1646, the Powhatans were largely defeated
• Bacon’s Rebellion
  • Headright System: Need more workers for tobacco, but can’t get them -> pay poor for passage to the colonies, promised to give them some land after 7 years of work, and freedom -> indentured servants
  • Nathaniel Bacon: won his freedom after being a servant, but the land he received was bad (worst land that bordered the natives)
  • Went to House of Burgesses to ask for help but the Governor Berkely was indifferent and didn’t care
  • Start a rebellion, burning things, but the rebellion ends and they are still stuck. Major change of sentiment, reconsider indentured servants -> use slaves

1.4 - Northern Colonies

• Part of 13 colonies
• Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut
• NOT middle colonies
• Motive: GOD religious freedom
• England was Protestant (but Anglicanism was not much different from Catholicism) -> Separatists and Puritans
  • Separatists = completely break away -> create own church (ie: pilgrims)
  • Puritans = Purify the church from within, get rid of the Catholic traditions -> move to Massachusetts
• Established religious colonies
• Mayflower Compact
  • Want to start their own civilization w/permission from Virginia Company, got lost. Pilgrims and other people accidentally landed at New England -> Plymouth colony
  • Decide to stay, Mayflower Compact = rules, establish self governance
  • First democratic document, decided based on majority, things would be decided by the majority
• Native help: winter comes fast, unprepared despite working to build a settlement
  • Squanto and the Wampanoags help them survive the winter (shelters fish corn, etc -> Thanksgiving tradition)
  • Pilgrims were more friendly with the natives
• City on a Hill
  • Puritans: come for freedom and for religious reasons, make a colony in Massachusetts Bay
  • Leader = John Winthrop, calls the city a City on the Hill, which will be an example to others. However, lack of separation between church of state leads to issues and people think the church has too much power
  • Anne Hutchinson was an example of people who got outcasted for crimes in the strict society, but not an isolated case
• Economy in the North
  • God and Cod (Fish very important)
  • Colonies for trading and business, not much profit from farming in these rockier areas. Had abundant lumber and other resources
• Mercantilism
  • A trade theory, favor exports over imports to keep bringing money in since this theory sees wealth as finite
  • Colonies were very important to this philosophy since they produced natural resources for the parent country
  • Led to the Triangle Trade
  • Labor and resources moved around
  • Europe gave finished goods to Africa and America
  • Slaves from Africa to America
  • America sent raw materials to Europe
• West Indies: originally islands owned by Spain, but Britain was competing for parts of these islands and eventually gained some (production of sugar)
• Slaves
  • Colonies specialized in labor intensive goods like sugar, indigo, etc, which required slave labor
  • Brought slave laborers through the gruesome Middle Passage to meet the massive demand
  • Some traders also tried to do business with natives, but continued conflicts led to tensions. Also, natives would compete over European attention and trading partners, so people were choosing sides
  • Later: Metacom/King Philip’s War: Wampanoags and other tribes try to drive the Puritans away, but this fails. Last major resistance in the North
• Navigation Acts
  • Could only trade with Britain, very limiting
  • British had a monopoly
• Salutary Neglect
  • Colonies are able to break these kinds of laws without much repercussion
  • This period is Salutary Neglect as Britain focuses more on other issues
  • People think the Navigation Laws aren’t important, but when they’re enforced again, issues arise

1.5 - Middle Colonies

• New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware
• More diverse ethnically and religiously
• = “Breadbasket Colonies”
• Diverse set of industries: logging, shipbuilding, textiles, papermaking. Crops like wheat and oats very important
• Environment was conducive to these grain crops and saw milder winters and warmer summers
• British found the middle area already occupied by the Dutch New Amsterdam
  • A fleet was sent to capture, under the claim that the British had found it first, succeeded, renamed to New York
  • Very important to trade, became central to the trade system and to mercantilism
• Proprietary Colony (Like most of the Middle Colonies)
  • Private landowner gains political power in the colony (usually from the king)
• New Jersey
  • To attract new people, offered benefits
  • Religious freedom
  • Representative assembly
  • Trial by jury
• Quakers
  • A group that broke off of the Puritans
  • Believed that intermediaries weren’t necessary for a relationship with God
  • Religious equality for men/women
  • William Penn: Brought the Quakers to America through mass migration (the king was happy to have them gone), but weren’t allowed in Plymouth Colony or Massachusetts Bay
  • So, founded Pennsylvania for free practice of religion and more acceptance, with more benefits like trials by jury, elections, more
  • Penn made “Holy Experiments”
  • Treaties with natives for their land rather than taking it, tried for fair treatment, though other groups came and were less tolerant
• Delaware formed in the Southern part of Pennsylvania, made into a new place and also had religious toleration

1.6 - Colonial Society

• Social Setup:
• THE NORTH
  • Religion was very important as many of these colonies were founded for religious reasons, though religious freedom was not everywhere, particularly with Massachusetts Bay.
  • Lots of different kinds of people came here for opportunity. There was more marketing with the ports and harbors, farming, but less slavery
  • Larger towns and cities developed and the motivation diverged from the original goals of religious settlement, expanding into commerce and markets -> Trading epicenter = New England
  • Education developed in the colonies focused on literacy and education in religion and cultural values
  • Puritans supported education because of their religious values as they wanted their kids to be able to read the bible
  • Education was mostly for men to prepare them for public life (since women were generally restricted by gender roles)
  • Girls who wanted education had to go to “dame schools” but this was normally not that good
  • Led to a gap between women and men being literate, etc
  • Creation of universities based on religion
  • The North was more stable than the South with longer and healthier lives
• THE SOUTH
  • Male dominated since many men came seeking opportunity without their families, led to less stability
  • Plantation class system was strict and kind of like Feudalism
  • Difficult to move up and down even for an immigrant
  • Slave -> middle/lower class farmers -> plantation farmers
  • Strict slave codes were enforced
  • Stono Uprising
    • Slaves wanted to stop slavery, some fought in more subtle ways, others took more drastic actions
    • Stono Uprising was a violent uprising which was eventually stopped, but still led to stricter slave laws to prevent repeats
• First Great Awakening
  • Religious revival across the colonies, first major event uniting them
  • Half Way Covenant was a more liberal approach to religion which allowed for partial membership to encourage more people to join
  • Old Lights (who preferred traditional style of preaching) vs. New Lights (who wanted the more emotional new style which appealed to passions etc)
  • New speakers
    • John Edwards appealed to fear (ie: Sinners in the Hands of Angry God)
    • George Whitefield was charismatic, energetic, and promoted positive relationships with God.
    • Emphasized an individual relationship with God, people could be saved without intermediaries, a new way of thinking
    • Caused division
    • Promoted equality in the country between rich and poor, also laid groundwork for later revolution, emphasizing individual rights, freedom, nationalism
• The Enlightenment
  • Intellectual movement that emphasized science and reason. Some used it to promote religion but promoted a more liberal style of religion
  • Major impact on education, bringing new teachers and fields of study related to science etc
  • Human rights were promoted, ie: natural rights from John Locke
  • Zenger Trial: promoted the freedom of the press, since a man got off from libel, which was considered a crime
  • This movement and the 1st Great Awakening promoted American challenging of traditional authority

Unit 2 - American Revolution

• No longer Colonial!
• Self evident
• Getting taxed
• More patriotic than ever

Key Term + OI

2. a - French and Indian War

• French: interested in the Fur Trade, good relations with natives
• Dutch: interested in trading, commerce, etc
• Spanish: didn’t have much in North America, except for some missions, small settlements, etc.
• Salutary Neglect: the British let the colonies alone for a period of time when they were preoccupied with other affairs. Didn’t enforce things like the Navigation Acts which led the colonists to take more individual action, testing boundaries.
• French and Indian War: wanted to take territory from France, France wanted to stop Britain from advancing
  • War starts at Ohio Valley, with George Washington attacking
  • Albany Plan created to get the colonies to coordinate in the French and Indian War, established precedent for cooperation
  • Albany Plan of Union proposed by Benjamin Franklin for coordination of tax collection, but failed
  • End: Treaty of Paris 1763- Britain gained land from the French, dominating in North America
  • Pontiac’s Rebellion: many Native Americans start fighting back against encroaching colonists.
  • The Paxton Boys indiscriminately attacked Native Americans and tried to get government support against them
  • Proclamation Act of 1763 tried to prevent further fighting on the part of the natives by forbidding settlement west of Appalachians
  • Salutary Neglect started to end and the British started cracking down on the colonies more, leading to tension as they missed their previous freedom

2.b - Road to the American Revolution

• 1763: A turning point. French faced defeat in the Treaty of Paris (1763) and British colonies gain massive amounts of land. Also, colonists are getting angered by the Pontiac Rebellion, Proclamation Act of 1763, end of Salutary Neglect which are restricting them
• More British Acts
  • Stamp Act, Sugar Act of 1764 = taxes
  • Navigation Acts more strictly enforced
  • Groups like Sons of Liberty start taking action against this, meeting of the Stamp Act Congress, Patrick Henry created opposition
  • Colonies began practicing non-importation in protest against these acts -> stamp act is repealed but the Declaratory Act states that the colonies are still under British control
  • Townshend Acts angered colonists: taxed imports and made it easier to search homes for contraband: writ of assistance, rather than a warrant required.
  • John Dickinson: “Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania” argued no taxation without representation
  • More non-importation and nonconsumption agreements
  • Other forms of resistance
  • Acts eventually repeaeled
  • Boston Massacre: some colonists killed by British troops, blown out of proportion by Paul Revere, leading to a great impact on the colonists’ opinions of the British
  • Committee of Correspondence (Samuel Adams) created in order to communicate between colonize and resist the British
  • Tea Act (another tax) -> Boston Tea Party from the Sons of Liberty: threw tea into the ocean in protest
  • This led to the Coercive/Intolerable Acts which shut down the harbor, expanded the Quartering Act, and made trials in Britain, which deeply angered colonists
  • Quebec Act took land away from colonists, angering them as they had wanted the land for themselves, and angering others since Catholicism was to be the region’s main religion
  • First Continental Congress: no calls for revolution yet, discussed response to the Intolerable Acts
  • Declaration of Rights and Grievances drafted and sent to Britain
  • More protests organized, coordinate boycotts, etc
  • Lexington and Concord = opening battles of the revolution. Minutemen respond to the British Soldiers -> shot heard around the world.

2.2 - Causes of the American Revolution

• Causes
  • French and Indian War: Britain won, but made a lot of debt for colonies -> pay off with taxes, also more tensions (Proclamation Line of 1863)
  • Economic: Navigation Acts weren’t enforced during Salutary Neglect, but now they werre, colonists mad, also other taxes like with Stamp Act
  • Political: people were annoyed with government, taxation without representation/end of Salutary Neglect
  • Social/Ideological: Enlightenment and 1st Great Awakening influenced founding fathers who were aware of progressive/liberal ideas
  • Salutary Neglect
    • Government: Colonists wanted representation because they were used to governing themselves during Salutary Neglect (ie: House of Burgesses, Town Hall Meetings, etc)
    • Economy: Crimes avoiding the Navigation Acts were mostly ignored, smuggling, etc common
    • Identity: Many people of this time felt more American than British having more loyalty to the Americas than to Britain
• People
  • ¼ = Loyalists: Many didn’t really realize what was going on/weren’t affected so still loyal to Britain. Some were also afraid of the British or thought they were strong so they should stay loyal
  • ¼ = Patriots like Sons of Liberty, etc. Rebels and wanted separation from Britain, mostly in the New England colonies because they were affected most
  • ½ = neutral, didn’t really care because they weren’t affected much, like in the South
• British Control
  • Sugar Act 1764: taxed sugar, very unpopular
  • Stricter regulations on Navigation Laws, more punishment for smuggling
  • Quartering Act = colonists had to consent to house British soldiers
  • Stamp Act = taxed paper goods
• Response: Virginia Resolves from Patrick Henry, House of Burgesses
  • Stamp Act Congress: colonies meet to respond to the Stamp Act = greater unity between colonies
  • Sons of Liberty form
  • Boycotts/Nonimportation agreements began and the stamp act is repealed
  • Declaratory Act says colonies still belong to Britain
  • Townshend Acts begin to tax more imports and allow for a Writ of Assistance to be sufficient to search homes
• More Resistance:
  • Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania by John Dickinson
  • England says they’re okay because of Virtual Representation
  • More boycotts -> Daughters of Liberty organize Spinning Bees
  • Townshend Repealed because Britain losing too much money
  • Boston Massacre: 5 civilians shot by British soldiers in Boston, 1st death = enslaved African American
  • Britain repealed the taxes bc wanted no more violence
  • Paul Revere used this as more propaganda
  • Committee of Correspondence forming to communicate without the British knowing
• Sons of Liberty: under Samuel Adams, protestors who used extreme forms of civil disobedience and sometimes violence
  • Tar and Feather = used against tax collectors and british who they didn’t like, extreme form of violence/torture in public
  • After Townshend, Tea Act remained, which was a tax on tea, but technically just made British tea cheaper than other types of imported tea
  • Leads to Boston Tea Party
• Britain Unhappy -> Coercive Acts
  • Boston Harbor Closed
  • Massachusetts power decreased (ie: Town Hall Meeting)
  • Quartering Act
  • Martial Law put into place
  • Called the Intolerable Acts
  • Suffolk Resolve = boycott until these were repealed
  • 1st Continental Congress meets, most want peace with Britain, make military preparation
  • 1st Battle = Lexington and Concord
  • 2nd Continental Congress is divided, some want war, some don’t
  • Battle of Bunker Hill in Boston = colonist victory, Britain now starting to send the Hessians in (focus on the middle colonies) and congress forms the Continental Army
  • Technically before the war starts
  • George Washington asked to lead the Continental Army
  • Congress drafts the Olive Branch Petition to send to Britain to try one last time for peace, fails, war breaks out
• 2nd Continental Congress
  • Lots of Enlightenment ideas (ie: John Locke Natural Rights)
  • Thomas Paine: Common Sense influenced by Enlightenment, calls for a republic
  • Declaration of Independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson
  • Rally support
  • Assistance from foreign nations
  • Appeals to things like “undeniable rights”
  • Declaration eventually passed by the congress
• Effects: 1 = other revolutions like Haitian Revolution and French Revolution 2 = trying to get other people’s support like France

2.3 - The American Revolution

• Advantages/Disadvantages
  • Colonists: Homefield advantage (used Guerilla Warfare), more passionate, defensive war, had support from allies
  • BUT: colonists had a weak militia and lacked supplies
  • British: Had better resources, supplies, etc, and had loyalists in the colonies
  • BUT: They weren’t passionate, were overconfident, and were across the sea from where they were attacking
  • The Battle of Saratoga showed the world that the US had a chance in the war
  • Used guerilla warfare to distract (effective against the line infantry, had the soldiers hiding, surprise/ambush
  • = turning point: before, Britain won most battles, but now they lost
  • Daniel Morgan under Benedict Arnold was an important person in getting this victory
  • Benjamin Franklin had been in France working to get support
• After Battle of Saratoga showed America had a chance, France agreed, sent money, soldiers, soldiers to train others, and most important: navy
• Received help from Europe
  • Helped train soldiers
  • France wanted to support America to get back into the Americas after being kicked out, get free trade, and had been influenced by Enlightenment
  • General Von Steuben from Prussia, General Lafayette from France
• Colonial Gov
  • Continental Congress established w/representatives from colonies
  • Articles of Confederation made, and later ratified, gave more power to states instead of federal
• Women
  • Daughters of Liberty worked to support colonists in face of boycotts, etc. Spinning bees and homespun goods made supplies to help in the face of war. Gathered materials in the war and helped support freedom
  • Abigail Adams: Husband of John Adams, helped advocate independence, women’s rights, and abolition of slavery
  • Martha Washington: helped support the army with fundraising, providing aid to soldiers
  • Margaret Kemble Gage: wife of a loyalist, but gave support and acted like a spy
  • Molly Pitcher: brought water to the soldiers
  • Deborah Sampson: disguised herself as a man and enlisted
• Smallpox began harming the war effort, George Washington used inoculation in order to fight it
• Valley Forge gains more confidence, victory and final battle in sight
• General Cornwallis cornered by Washington, but on the sea and thinks he will get rescued by Britain
• French Navy arrives, surrounds him
• Treaty of Paris 1783
  • US gets independence and a ton of land west of Mississippi, but agrees no punishment of Loyalists
  • US agrees to pay the war debt anyway
  • New markets and trade available now
  • More revolutions inspired, etc

Unit 3 - New Nation

• With liberty and justice for all!
• Constitutional
• In the room where it happened
• Feeling good

Key Term + OI

3. a - Articles of Confederation and Constitution

• New State Governments: separation of powers made sure no tyranny took hold, republicanism in all states, though all the states had different constitutions
  • Bill of Rights made to ensure freedom (ie: religious freedom)
  • The articles of Confederation were proving to be too weak for government
  • Couldn’t have an executive leader
  • Couldn’t regulate trade or tax
  • Too hard to add or amend laws
  • Caused massive economic problems
  • One success: Northwest Land Ordinances
    • Allowed for expansion and adding of new states
    • Of 1784: territories could become states and gov could sell land to make money
    • Of 1785: surveying of land
    • Of 1787: allowed states to enter statehood
  • Problems with foreign powers
    • England continued to occupy forts even though they agreed that they would not
    • France was beginning the French Revolution, causing problems
    • Pirates continued to harass ships without protection from Britain
    • Spain prevented trade across the Mississippi
  • Shay’s Rebellion, which demanded lower taxes, showed how weak the federal government was since it was unable to send adequate support to stop the uprising
  • Constitutional Convention = states sended reps to create a new constitution, many compromises
    • Great Compromise = bicameral senate with House of Reps (based on population) and senate (based equal number of reps for each state)
    • ⅗ Compromise = slave is ⅗ of a person
    • Federalist = want a strong government, democratic republicans = want a weaker central government
    • John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison: Federalist Papers arguing for ratification of the constitution
    • Compromise: Bill of Rights: gave people specific rights and restricted the federal gov.

3.1 - The Constitution

• After winning the war, lots of questions:
  • What kind of government and leaders to have? How to survive financially? Existence on the world stage? Defense? Etc.
• State of America
  • ECONOMIC DEPRESSION
    • Owed to foreign countries, to citizens who had taken out loans, to soldiers and loyalists
    • Government = articles of confederation: states saw themselves as separate states, which made it harder to work together
• Articles of Confederation
  • State governments only met for issues they had in common, that affected all states. State governments much more important than federal
  • No executive/judicial branch, continental congress still in charge with the same representatives, but it was hard for them to agree
  • Each state = 1 vote
  • ⅔ majority to pass a bill
  • Amendment = unanimous
  • This meant it was weak and not very effective since states had too much power, too inefficient and difficult to do anything, can’t regulate commerce or collect taxes
• SUCCESSES:
  • Land Ordinance 1785: lan won in the revolution is sold to pay off debt
  • Northwest Land Ordinance 1787: Allowed for admission as a state, with no slavery allowed in a new state (important, since the government was taking a stance on this)
• Shay’s Rebellion
  • Demonstrated ineffectiveness of the AOC
  • Uprising of farmers who wanted a reduction of taxes
  • State asked for help from the federal government, but no federal army meant they couldn’t do anything -> people want a stronger central gov
• The Constitution
  • Get rid of Articles of Confederation to make the Constitution
  • Met at the Constitutional Convention (every state present except Rhode Island)
    • James Madison = Father of the Constitution: Create a republic where the national government stronger than the states, and separation of powers
    • Executive = president, Judicial = supreme court, Legislative = two houses of congress
    • COMPROMISES
    • Great Compromise = two houses of congress. Senate = two legislators per state, and House of Reps is by population
    • ⅗ Compromise = slave counts as ⅗ of a person. South wanted slaves to count as people because they had a lot and it would boost their population for the House of Reps by a lot, while the North thought this was unfair.
    • Ratification
    • Had to get ⅔ to ratify
    • Some liked and some didn’t
    • Federalist Papers: argued for ratification, by John Jay, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, though arguments against the Federalists thought they wanted too much government power for the central gov
    • Bill of Rights = 1st 10 Amendments in order to confirm people’s freedoms and rights and protect them against the government, since some anti-Federalists were worried about too much government power
    • Constitution was ratified
    • The Elastic Clause
    • Congress can make any laws they want to adapt to the times
    • This lets them amend the Constitution in order to adapt with the changing times

3.2 - The Federalist Era: Washington, Adams, Hamilton

• President George Washington unanimously elected
• John Adams = VP
• Hamilton = secretary of treasury
• Thomas Jefferson = secretary of state
• Henry Knox = secretary of war/defense
• George Washington made the supreme court, with chief justice John Jay
• Hamilton: Five Point Plan
  • Funding at Par: Wants to pay back all debt and the interest to prove America was trustworthy and strong
  • Assume State Debts: take the debts of states and play them, though also makes states more dependent on federal gov which was less popular. Compromise = assumes state debt IF capitol was put in Washington DC.
  • Tariffs: protective tariffs would keep new industry strong and protect the economy, while also taking in more money for the federal government
  • Excise Tax: tax on whiskey, make more money, but also work to prevent drinking
  • National Bank: to hold federal government’s money, start printing money, take out loans, help businesses, etc
    *