1. Cell Organisation

• Cell: The basic unit of life.

• Tissue: A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.

• Organ: A structure made up of different tissues working together to perform a specific function.

• Organ System: A group of organs that work together to carry out a complex function.

• Specialised Cells: Cells that have a specific structure and function (e.g., red blood cells, nerve cells).

2. Digestive System

• Digestion: The breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules into smaller, soluble ones.

• Enzyme: Proteins that speed up chemical reactions, such as breaking down food in digestion.

• Mouth: The part of the digestive system where food is ingested and broken down by teeth and saliva.

• Esophagus: A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach and moves food by peristalsis.

• Stomach: An organ where food is mixed with digestive juices and enzymes to break down proteins.

• Small Intestine: The part of the digestive system where most digestion and nutrient absorption occur.

• Large Intestine: Absorbs water and salts from indigestible food and forms feces.

• Pancreas: An organ that produces enzymes to break down food and hormones like insulin.

• Liver: An organ that produces bile, which helps digest fats.

3. Enzymes

• Active Site: The part of an enzyme that binds to a substrate and catalyzes the reaction.

• Substrate: The substance upon which an enzyme acts.

• Product: The substance produced after the enzyme catalyzes the reaction.

• Catalyst: A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up.

• Denaturation: The change in the shape of an enzyme's active site due to temperature or pH changes, causing it to lose its ability to function.

4. Circulatory System

• Heart: The muscular organ that pumps blood around the body.

• Arteries: Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, usually oxygenated.

• Veins: Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart, usually deoxygenated.

• Capillaries: Tiny blood vessels that allow the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between blood and tissues.

• Red Blood Cells: Cells that transport oxygen around the body.

• White Blood Cells: Cells involved in the immune response to fight infection.

• Platelets: Small cell fragments that help in blood clotting.

• Plasma: The liquid component of blood, which transports cells, nutrients, and waste products.

5. Transport in Plants

• Xylem: Plant tissue responsible for transporting water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.

• Phloem: Plant tissue responsible for transporting sugars and other nutrients from the leaves to other parts of the plant.

• Transpiration: The process by which water evaporates from plant leaves, creating a pull that helps draw water up from the roots.

6. Plant Tissues and Organs

• Stomata: Small openings on the surface of leaves that allow gas exchange and regulate water loss.

• Chloroplasts: Organelles in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs.

• Cuticle: A waxy, water-resistant layer on plant leaves that helps prevent water loss.

• Guard Cells: Specialized cells that control the opening and closing of stomata.