Exam review stuff human geo

  • REFERENCE MAPS
    - common maps EX: world maps 

  • Map distortion=

  1. Shape of area

  2.  Direction between points

  3.  Distance change w/ points

  4. Size of place

               Map projections 

  • Goode’s interrupted/homolosine equal= less distortion 

  • Conic=small zone, accurate distance and direction

  • Projection=accurate central point, shows half earth, ends scratch out. 

  • Mercator=distorts look of land, good direction & distance, used 4 sea travel

  • Robinson= distortion cross shape,size and direction. Show landforms right, poles and straight, flat, but too big. longitude not parallel.

  • Gall-peters projection= size of land id accurate, & geo relationships, incorrect distance, distorted shapes, lat. and long. and parallel

  • Fuller Projection= no cardinal directions accurate size and distance

  • Winkel Tripel projection- rounder, distortions in north and south poles

Thematic Maps: 

  • Isopleth Maps=equal line values rep data EX: elevation 

  • Choropleth Maps = shows data w/ patterns or color

  • Graduated Symbol Map =  shape size = data value maped

  • Dot density Map= num of dots rep value of data or variable

  • Cartogram=size of political unit displays data

  • Meridians= run north to south,0 to 180degrees

    • Longitude 

  • Parallels- 

    • Latitude=right angles w/ maridans, 0 to 90 degrees 

  • Absolute distance= 

quantitative terms

Relative distance= EX: 20mins south

  • Map scale- amount area

    • Scale 


      • Small scale

      • Large scale

    • Map ratio EX: 1in=i mile

  • Cartography= mapmaking

  • Reference maps 

  • Location

    • Situation 

    • Site= absolute location

    • absolute direction= stays same no matter place EX:North

    • Relative Direction= dependent on location

    • node = dot to locate 

    • relative/ absolute 

  • Place

    • Toponym= place name EX:city

    • Physical-geo

    • Archipelago - Chain of islands

  • IMP- 1.B = Geographic Data

    •  Regions 

    • Census / Census data

    • Scale of analysis= Observational data on a large scale 

      • Scale of inquiry= SOA^ 4 topic 

    • Quantitative data/analyses= number data

    • Qualitative data/analyses= opinion based 

    • GPS- satellite maps for navigation

    • GIS - Geographic information system=Computer system analyzes geo data 

    • Personal interviews= people that live there.

    •  Travel narratives= provide geo info from people who visit

  • IMP-1.C = geographic effects 

    • Humans = interact w/ environment

 LACEMOPS= geo factors that affect climate change 

  • L~ Latitude 

  • A~ Air masses/ movement

  • C~ Continentality- distance from ocean

  • E~ Elevation

  • M~ Mountain barriers- blocks types of air

  • O~ Ocean currents

  • P~ Pressure cells 

  • S~ Storms

  • weather - daily condition 

  • Precipitation- moisture 

  • Climate 

  • Environmental  Determinism= human actions caused by environmental conditions

    PSO-1.A= spatial concepts, flow

    • Movement

    • Clustering- how close things are, geo space 

    • Dispersal- how far apart things are.

    • The international date line= separates time zones. 

    • Migration= Push and pull factors

    • Impacts- of migration etc.

    • consecration= even or not  

    • Patterns= where/  geometric arrangement 

    • Space= physical gap

    • Flow= movement of things   

    • Globalization= national economies w/ free trade, foreign investment, and cheaper foreign labor markets.

Pillars of stability:

  • Environmental pillar= sustainable development, no waste, conservation, preserve 

  •  Economic Pillar= precise set based on cost of environment, not just supply and demand 

  • Societal Pillar= modify wants of culture to shelter, food, and clothing to sustainable objects

  • PSO-1.B= expl spatial concepts w/ environment

    • Qualitative distance= measure how different 2 places are

    • Space= distance between objects 

    • Environmental  Determinism= human actions caused by environmental conditions 

    • Possibilism= environmental condition that limit human action, can be overcome 

    • Sense of place= how we feels bout it

    • Density= amount in area

    • Physical- geo

    • Spatial distribution= how its place on earth 

    • Small scale 

    • Large scale 

    • Distance decay= influence decreases with distance

    • Space-time compression= how long it takes for word to get round and reducing distance decay 

  • PSO-1.C= Def scales of analysis 

  • Regions 

  • Culture 

  • Greenwich mean time (GMT)=reference time for all points on earth

Expansion diffusion - Spread of a feature to other areas

  • Hierarchical diffusion= thought nodes of authority 

  • Contagious= rapid spread through population /w groups

  • Stimulus= idea don't spread but the original concept has changed

  • Reverse hierarchical diffusion=low class to high class

  • Remote sensing= pics and scans from starlight of earth. 

  • PSO-1.D= scales of analysis reveal

    • GIS - Geographic information system= Computer system analyzes geo data 

    • International scale of analysis= spatial relation between countries

    • National scale of analysis= economic change

    • Disperse= payout from gove or foundation

    SPS-1.A= defining regions 

    •  Formal region= are people w/ same attributes. 

    • GPS- satellite maps for navigation

    • GIS - Geographic information system = Computer system analyzes geo data 

    • Functional region= Region of nodes round center node, 

shares purposes

  • Perceptual region= region cuz cultural identity

  • Absolute distance= quantitative terms,

  • Relative distance= 20mins south

  • Culture 

  • Cultural landscape= how culture shapes land

  • Qualitative distance= measure how different 2 places are

Economic Descriptors

  • Primary countries= extract resources 

  • Secondary countries= make products from raw materials 

  • Tertiary countries= provide services 

  • Quaternary countries= provide info and management 

  • MDC - most developed countries

  • NIC - newly developed countries

LDC - least developed countries

  • Migration vs mobility = 

    • Mobility, refers to all types of movement 

      1. Going to work/school

    • Short term and repetitive acts of mobility are referred as circulation

      1. Going to collage then home then back next year

  • Ravestin’s law of migration

    • Laws about tendencies of migrations(theories) 

      1. Migrate for economic reasons

      2. Most Relocate within same country 

      3. From one county to another , long distance for major centers of economic activity

      4. Most long distance migrants are male

      5. Migration long distance with children is harder, why most are adults 

      6. Most are young adult seeking work rather than kids or elderly peps 

  • Types of migration

    • International migration

      • Voluntary 

      • Forced

  • Voluntary migration

    • Interregional- going out of the region to another 

    • Intraegional - still in the region

  • International migration patterns

    • 9 percent of world's people are international migrants

    • Global patterns reflect tendencies  from developing countries to developed countries. 

      • Net out- migration(loss)= asia, latin america, and africa

      • Net in-migration(gain) =north america, europe, and oceania

  • Us immigration patterns

    • More foreign born residents than any other country

    • 3 main eras of immigration in US

      • Colonial settlements on 17th and 18th centuries

      • Mass european immigration in late 19th century and ealy 20th century 

      • Asin and latin american integration in late 20th and early 21st centuries 

  • Migrant transition model 

    • By wilbur Zelinsky

    • Follows migration transition model 

    • Stage one(pre modern traditional society); large amount of seasonal migration, little permanent

    • Stage two(early transitional society)

      •  internally= high rate of rural to urban migration

      • internationally = high rate of emigration

  • Stage three 

  • Stage four(advanced society)

    • Internally = rural to urban migration but is reduce in absolute(total numbers) and relative(percent of total terms) 

    • Internally 

NEW DAY OF NOTES

  • Why do migrants face obstacles?

    • Intervening obstacles(get involved)

      • Environmental feature (ocean)

      • Political feature (freedom, rights)

    • Intervening opportunities(good for you) 

  • Controlling migration

    • Some countries have selective immigration policies

      • Preference

      • Employment placement, family reunification 

    •  Passing of the Quota Act in 1921 and the National Origins Act in 1924 by the U.S. Congress marked the end of unrestricted immigration to the U.S.

      States:

      State: any area with defined territories and practices control over areas in and out of its borders 

      Territorial organization:  states organized into a geographically based hierarchy of local government agencies. 

      • Serve the functions of 1) efficiently delegating administrative function in what may otherwise be large and unwieldy area, (2) can allocate resources through local agencies that may be more in touch with the needs of the people in their jurisdiction, and (3) usually give their local territory some degree of autonomy (ability to enact laws, police their lands, and tax local citizens)

      Commonwealth- territory that had a establish a mutual agreement with benefits for both parties 

      Colony- territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent

      • Control of the colony

      Colonialism- effort by a country to put in settlement as well as political, economic and cultural principle on a territory 

      Colonies:

      The 3 Gs 

      Imperialism- control of territory already occupied and organized by indigenous society

      Colonialism- practice of getting political dominance over people for economic, political and territorial gain

      Organic Theory-made by Friedrich Ratzel, political geographer. 

      • State is like a living thing and needs to grow, thrive and meet its demands. 

      Religious colonialism- conducted by numerous religions (christianity) 

      Economic colonialism- quest for wealth (gold, furs, etc (things english sought for))

      • Colonies expect to provide resources for home county to sustain itself 

      Self determinism- power of a people to establish a government how they want. 

      Types of empires:

      Land empire: conquest by force

      • Armies attack, pillage and plunder through another land taking stuff by force

      Sea empire: use of sea power to control area

      • Settlement along coast,excursion into the interior brought loot there, ship would be waiting to take back resources to hom county 

      Settlement empire: intended to stay long time

      • Once established, colonists send back resources to the Home country. 

      • Colony is supposed to be independent and eventually pay back home country 

        • Used by british and france

      States- gov:

      Unitary State- puts most power in the hands of central government officials 

      Federal State- allocates strong power to units of local government within the county 

      Electoral Geography 

      Reapportionment(redistricting)-boundaries separating legislative districts redrawn periodically to ensure each one has about the same population

      Gerrymandering- process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the partner in power. 

      1. “Wasted vote”-spreads opposition supporters across many districts in the minority. 

      2. “Excess vote”-concentrates opposition supporters into a few districts. 

      3. “Stacked vote”-links distant areas of like-minded voters through oldly shaped boundaries. 

      • Drawing voting distinct to benefit one group over another 

      Majority- minority-Districts drawn for majority of population in the district is from the minority

      Nation and Nation-State

      Nation- Term encompassing all citizens of a state refer to tightly knit group of people possessing bonds of language, ethnicity religion and other shared cultural attributes 

      Nation-State: recognized political unity where in territorial states coincides with the area settled by a certain group of people, corresponds with ethiiyyc and background

      Sovereignty- ability of a state to regulate their own internal and external affairs. 

      Kurds- one of the largest nationality in the world without a state

      Basques- independent group in Pyrenees Mountains 

      Flemish-Live in the north of belgium 

      Zulu- Live in eastern South Africa

      Palestinians- live in the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and Golan Heights of Israel 

      Political Organization of Space- government usually create organization to assist with their interaction other countries 

      Embassies- office represent US interests to the leadership of other countries

      Ambassadors- lead officer representing the U.S in other countries 

      Consulates- secondary offices that deal with economic issues and granting visas to enter home county 

      OTHER POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY TERMS

      • Satellite state- under the control of the soviet union- cultural wall(iron wall)

      • Iron curtain- divided democratic, capitalist eastern europe, communist eastern europe 

      • Shatterbelt regions- regions caught up in conflict between two superpowers 

      • Buffer state-country the lies between 2 states, remain neutral in conflict between them

      • Supranational organization- separate entity composed of three or more states that make association and form administrative structure for mutual benefit in pursuit of shared goals

      Geopolitical theories

      • Heartland Theory- Suggests that whoever owns Eastern Europe and Western Asia has the political power and capital to rule the world

      • Rimland theory- forming alliances is necessary to keep heartland in check

      • Domino theory- When one country experiences rebellion or political disunity, other countries around it will also experience turmoil as a result, domino effect of instability

      • Irredentism-  the attempt by one country to provoke coups or spearsist movement is another country 

      Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces

      • Centripetal forces- forces that tend to unite a state

      • Centrifugal forces- forces that pull a state apart 

        • religion , etic, ideology, language

      Political forces and ideologies 

      • Balkanization – political process by which a state may break up into smaller countries

      • Devolution-giving up of power by the central of federal government to the different regions of the country

      • Supranationalism- method of extendings state borders the assistance and/or establishment of other organizations to further economic/political cooperation. 

      • Democratization- transition to a more democratic political government 

       Immanuel walllerstins world system theory,\Construction of the World Economy

      • Capitalism

      • Commodification

      • Colonialism 

      THREE TIER STRUCTURE

      • Core- processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology

      • Periphery- process that incorporate lower levels of education, technology and salaries

      • Semi-periphery- places where core and periphery processes are both occurring. Are exploited by the core but exploit the periphery.

      Geometric 

      • Straight line boundaries

      • Unrelated to aspects of land or cultural

      Physical political 

      • Made according to physiographic features in the landscape such as rivers or mountains  

      • Ex: Rio Grande

      Cultural political

      • Based on cultural differences

      • Mark breaks in the human landscape

      ORIGIN BASED CLASSIFICATIONS 

      Antecedent:

      •  formed before present-day human landscape

      • Can be seen on population maps

      Subsequent 

      • installed after settlement-but take account of cultural,ethnic,religious,language differences. Some conflict but minimized

      • Shows a long process of boundary mods

      Superimposed

      • Forcibly drawn across a unified landscape

      • Installed after settlement with no regard to culture colonial boundaries and truce lines

      Relic

      • Boundaries that are not currently relevant but have been in the past

      • Have important cultural/social implications

      Insert any COLONIALISM AND IMPERIALISM notes

      COLONIALISM AND IMPERIALISM :taking over people territory

      Colonialism:

      • Transfer of population to new territory

      • Practice of domination, which involves the subjugation on one people to another.

      Imperialism

      • Contiling indirectly

      • Involves political and economic control over dependent territory 

      DIFFERENCE: permanent residency