ATI TEAS Exam 7 Comprehensive Study Notes

ATI TEAS Exam 7 Overview

• Total Questions: 170 questions.
• Total Time: 209 minutes.
• Topics Covered: Reading, Mathematics, Science, English, and Language Usage.

Reading Section

• Details: 45 questions to be completed in 55 minutes.
• Passage Analysis Example (Elle Woods):   - Text: Elle Woods wanted to go to nursing school to pursue her dream because she cared for others, loved watching Grey's Anatomy, and enjoyed volunteering at her local hospital.   - Summary: Captures the main points (Elle's dream, nursing school, caring for others, Grey's Anatomy, and volunteering).   - Main Idea: A full sentence expressing the most important point (e.g., "Elle feels going to nursing school to become a nurse would be a good fit for her.").   - Topic: A few words about the subject (e.g., "Elle's dream of becoming a nurse").   - Supporting Details: specific segments that back up the main idea (e.g., caring for others, volunteering, watching Grey's Anatomy).
• Key Reading Terms:   - Paraphrasing: Rephrasing existing information. Example: "You look like the Fourth of July. It makes me want a hot dog real bad" paraphrased to "I want a hot dog so bad because you look like the Fourth of July."   - Inference/Implication: Suggested but not explicitly stated information. Example: Being sorority president and homecoming queen implies popularity.   - Theme: An idea, issue, or question raised by the text (e.g., determination).
• Types of Texts:   - Directions: Follow a list of steps in order (e.g., a recipe).   - Announcement: Notice for a request, service, or event (e.g., lost pet, yard sale).   - Memo: Workplace setting document containing a plan of action or request.   - Legend/Key/Map: Defines symbols for landmarks.   - Ads: Selling goods with descriptions, prices, and contact info.
• Tone and Perspective:   - Fact vs. Opinion: Facts can be proven/disproven; opinions are personal thoughts/feelings.   - Bias vs. Stereotype: Bias is a prejudice for or against one thing/person; a stereotype is a bias applied to a whole group (e.g., "brown-haired people are smart").
• Text Structures:   - Problem-Solution: Presents a problem followed by one or more solutions.   - Comparative: Comparing (how things are alike) and contrasting (how they are different). Example: Elle and Janice both have dogs (compare); Elle has a small dog while Janice has a big one (contrast).   - Cause and Effect: Action followed by resulting effects. Example: Hiring 500 nurses lead to higher satisfaction and better patient outcomes.   - Descriptive: Uses nouns, adjectives, and adverbs. Example: "Elle was nervous… nervously pacing around the room."   - Narrative: Entertains using fiction/non-fiction, similes ("like"), metaphors (direct comparison), and personification (human traits to non-humans).   - Expository: Teaches/enlightens (e.g., textbooks). Uses words like "first," "next," "therefore."   - Technical: Describes complex objects/processes in medical/tech fields.   - Informative: writing that explains concepts using facts/figures (e.g., research papers).   - Persuasive: Influences readers or changes minds, often appealing to emotion.
• Decoding and Document Elements:   - Denotative Meaning: The literal dictionary definition.   - Connotative Meaning: includes emotional reactions beyond the literal meaning (e.g., "knockout" meaning attractive).   - Prediction: Guessing what happens next.   - Foreshadowing: Hints that anticipate future events.   - Conclusion: Pieced together from phrases like "likely," "may," and "will."   - Counterarguments: Objections or flaws pointed out in an argument.
• Formatting Elements:   - Heading: The topic addressed.   - Subheadings: Smaller sections under the heading.   - Endnotes: Listed at the end of paragraphs/chapters.   - Footnotes: Bottom of the page with facts/figures on information sources.   - Emphasis: Bolding (importance), Italics (titles/emphasis), Underlining (titles/emphasis).
• Sources of Information:   - Primary: Direct source (letters, speeches, autobiography).   - Secondary: Reviews or observations by others (newspaper opinions, blogs, biographies).   - Internet: Credible sites (e.g., CDC, WHO, universities). Sources should be updated (< 5 years old) and published by experts.   - Reference Books: Dictionary (definitions), Almanac (annual facts), Encyclopedia (short articles by volume), Atlas (maps), Thesaurus (synonyms/antonyms).
• Information Organization:   - Spatial: Information fixed in space (e.g., "on the left is a clock").   - Chronological: Sequence of occurrence (step-by-step).   - Logical: Includes illustrations, definitions, dividing/classifying, comparing/contrasting, cause/effect, and problem/solution.

Mathematics Section

• Details: 38 questions to be completed in 57 minutes (onscreen calculator and scratch paper provided).
• Basic Terms:   - Integer: Positive/negative whole numbers including zero (no fractions/decimals).   - Prime Number: Whole number > 1 divisible only by 1 and itself (2, 3, 5, 7, 11).   - Composite Number: Any whole number that is not prime.   - Even Number: Divisible by 2; Odd Number: Not divisible by 2.   - Rational Numbers: Can be written as a ratio of integers (including decimals/fractions).   - Irrational Numbers: Cannot be written as fractions; decimals run on with no pattern (e.g., $\pi \approx 3.14159$).
• Place Value (Example: 25,634.98):   - $2$: 10,000s place.   - $5$: 1,000s place.   - $6$: 100s place.   - $3$: 10s place.   - $4$: 1s place.   - $9$: 10th's place.   - $8$: 100th's place.
• Fractions:   - Proper: denominator > numerator (value < 1).   - Improper: numerator > denominator (value > 1).
• Order of Operations (PEMDAS):   - P: Parentheses.   - E: Exponents (e.g., $5^2 = 5 \times 5 = 25$).   - MD: Multiply and Divide from left to right.   - AS: Add and Subtract from left to right.
• Geometry Formulas:   - Triangle Area: $Area = \frac{1}{2} \times \text{base} \times \text{height}$   - Square Area: $Area = s^2$   - Circle Area: $Area = \pi \times r^2$   - Rectangle Area: $Area = \text{length} \times \text{width}$
• Statistics:   - Mean: Average of data points (sum divided by count).   - Median: Middle value when sorted smallest to largest.   - Mode: Value appearing most often.   - Range: Difference between highest and lowest values.   - Stem and Leaf Plot: used to organize data by place value (stems and leaves).

Science Section

• Details: 50 questions to be completed in 60 minutes.
• Breakdown: 18 Anatomy and Physiology (A&P), 9 Biology, 8 Chemistry, 9 Scientific Reasoning.

Biology

• Cell Types:   - Prokaryotic: Unicellular, small, no membrane-bound nucleus (e.g., bacteria).   - Eukaryotic: Multicellular, large, has membrane and nucleus (e.g., plants, animals, humans).
• Cell Hierarchy: Cells $\rightarrow$ Tissues $\rightarrow$ Organs $\rightarrow$ Systems $\rightarrow$ Organism.
• Cell Organelles:   - Golgi Complex: Sorts and delivers proteins outside the cell ("Amazon Prime").   - Vacuoles: Sacs for storage and waste removal ("Vacuum").   - Nucleus: Control center.   - Vesicle: Moves materials inside the cell ("Vehicle").   - Cytoskeleton: Maintains cell shape.   - Cytosol: Liquid inside the cell.   - Cell Membrane: Barrier for cytoplasm.   - Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Rough (has ribosomes) and Smooth (none); synthesizes proteins/lipids.   - Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins from amino acids.   - Mitochondria: Powerhouse; generates ATP energy.
• Cell Division:   - Mitosis (PMAT): Nucleus divides into 2 daughter cells. One round of PMAT.     - Prophase: Pairs of chromatin bind; spindle forms.     - Metaphase: Spindle aligns chromosomes in the middle.     - Anaphase: Sister chromatids pulled apart.     - Telophase: Two daughter cells formed.   - Meiosis: Two rounds of PMAT resulting in 4 daughter cells.
• Histology (Tissues):   - Nervous: Control/communication (Brain/Spinal cord).   - Epithelial: Cover/protect (Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar).   - Connective: Support/transport/insulate.   - Muscle: Movement.
• Genetics:   - DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid; double helix. Bases: Adenine (A) - Thymine (T), Guanine (G) - Cytosine (C).   - RNA: Ribonucleic acid; helper to DNA. Bases: Adenine (A) - Uracil (U), Guanine (G) - Cytosine (C).   - Genotype: specific genetic code.   - Phenotype: Physical manifestation (visual trait like blue eyes).   - Punnett Square: Tool used to show genotype probabilities.
• Nutrition and Metabolism:   - Macromolecules: Carbohydrates (sugar/glucose), Lipids (fats/phospholipids), Proteins (amino acids), Nucleic Acids (nucleotides).   - Carb Sugars: Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) and Disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose).   - Anabolic: Adding molecules to form macromolecules.   - Catabolic: Breaking down large molecules to release energy.
• Infection and Immunity:   - Pathogens: Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa.   - Chain of Infection: Agent $\rightarrow$ Reservoir $\rightarrow$ Portal of Exit $\rightarrow$ Mode of Transmission $\rightarrow$ Portal of Entry $\rightarrow$ Host.   - Immunity Types: Natural Active (infection), Artificial Active (vaccine), Natural Passive (breast milk), Artificial Passive (monoclonal antibodies).   - Lines of Defense: 1st (Skin/Mucus), 2nd (Inflammatory response/Phagocytes).   - Asepsis: Medical (limit pathogens) and Surgical (eliminate all pathogens).

Chemistry

• Atomic Structure: Protons ($+$), Electrons ($-$), Neutrons ($0$). Nucleus contains protons/neutrons; electrons are outside.
• Periodic Table: Atomic number (protons); Atomic mass (protons + neutrons).
• Isotopes: Same protons/electrons, different neutrons.
• Chemical Bonds: Ionie (transfer), Covalent (shared: polar vs nonpolar), Hydrogen (interaction with hydrogen).
• Chemical Reactions: Combination, Decomposition, Single Replacement, Double Replacement.
• Ions: Cation (positive, lost electron), Anion (negative, gained electron).
• Substance Movement: Diffusion (high to low), Facilitated Diffusion (uses carrier protein), Osmosis (water movement through membrane).
• Matter Measurements:   - Volume: $Volume = \text{length} \times \text{width} \times \text{height}$   - Density: $\text{Density} = \frac{\text{mass}}{\text{unit volume}}$   - Urine Specific Gravity: Range is $1.005$ to $1.030$.
• Acid-Base Balance:   - pH Scale: Range $0$ to $14$. Neutral is $7$.   - Acids: Increase hydrogen ions concentration.   - Bases: Decrease hydrogen ions concentration.   - Disorders: Respiratory acidosis/alkalosis, Metabolic acidosis/alkalosis.

Anatomy and Physiology

• Directional Terms: Medial (middle), Lateral (away), Proximal (closer to center), Distal (further), Anterior (front), Posterior (behind), Superior (above), Inferior (below).
• Respiratory System: Supplies $O_2$, removes $CO_2$. Hyperventilation (leads to acidosis), Hypoventilation (leads to alkalosis). Inspiration (cavity expands, diaphragm flattens), Expiration (cavity reduces, diaphragm relaxes). Gas exchange occurs in Alveoli.
• Cardiovascular System: 4 Chambers, 4 Valves (Tricuspid, Pulmonary, Mitral/Bicuspid, Aortic). Veins (deoxygenated blood to heart), Arteries (oxygenated blood away). Systole (contraction), Diastole (relaxation). Blood components: Plasma, Erythrocytes (RBC), Leukocytes (WBC), Thrombocytes (platelets). ECG (P-wave: atrium contraction, QRS: ventricles contract, T-wave: recovery).
• Lymphatic System: Nodes (filter lymph), Spleen (stores lymphocytes), Thymus (T-cells), Tonsils, Peyer's patches (digestive pathogens), Red bone marrow (B-memory cells).
• Digestive System: Ingestion $\rightarrow$ Propulsion (peristalsis) $\rightarrow$ Mechanical (chewing) $\rightarrow$ Chemical (enzymes) $\rightarrow$ Absorption $\rightarrow$ Defecation.
• Nervous System:   - Brain Lobes: Frontal (decisions), Parietal (senses), Occipital (vision), Temporal (hearing).   - Divisions: CNS (Brain/Spinal Cord); PNS (Somatic/voluntary, Autonomic/involuntary).   - Autonomic: Sympathetic (Fight/Flight), Parasympathetic (Rest/Digest).
• Muscular System: Skeletal (voluntary), Smooth (involuntary), Cardiac (involuntary). Sarcomeres use actin and myosin for contraction.
• Reproductive System:   - Male: Testes, Epididymis (maturation), Vas Deferens (transport), Prostrate, Urethra.   - Female: Ovaries, Fallopian tubes (fertilization site), Uterus, Vagina.   - Cycle: Follicular, Ovulation, Luteal, Menstrual.
• Integumentary System: Epidermis (layers: Corneum, Lucidum, Granulosum, Spinosum, Basale), Dermis, Hypodermis. Functions acronym: BULLIS (Balance temp, Loss moisture, Infection/injury protection, Synthesis Vit D, Sensation).
• Endocrine System: Glands (Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Thyroid, Pancreas, Adrenal) release hormones for homeostasis.
• Urinary System: Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, Urethra. Kidney functions acronym: A WET BED (Acid-base, Water balance, Electrolyte balance, Toxin removal, Blood pressure, Erythropoietin, Vit D metabolism).
• Skeletal System: Bones (Long, Short, Flat, Irregular, Sesmoid). Cells: Osteoblasts (build), Osteoclasts (resorption), Osteocytes (mature).

English and Language Usage

• Details: 37 questions to be completed in 37 minutes.
• Spelling Rules:   - Keep "y" after a vowel (e.g., "pay").   - Change "y" to "i" after a consonant (e.g., "bully" $\rightarrow$ "bullied").   - "I" before "e" except after "c" (e.g., "believe").   - Plurals: "f/fe" $\rightarrow$ "ves" (e.g., "wolves"); consonant + "o" $\rightarrow$ "es" (e.g., "heroes"); vowel + "o" $\rightarrow$ "s" (e.g., "pianos").
• Parts of Speech:   - Nouns: Common (general), Proper (specific/capitalized), Collective (group), Compound (words combined).   - Pronouns: Substitute for nouns.   - Adjectives: Modify nouns (e.g., "beautiful").   - Verbs: Actions. Tenses: Present, Past, Future, Present Perfect (started in past, continues), Past Perfect (first action before second in past), Future Present.
• Punctuation:   - Semicolon: Connects two sentences.   - Apostrophe: Shows possession (e.g., Clara's spirometer).   - Hyphen: compound words or numbers 21–99.
• Point of View: First person (I, my, we), Second person (you, your), Third person (he, it, they).
• Confusing Words (Homophones):   - Affect: To influence; Effect: The aftermath or result.   - Its: Ownership; It's: "It is."   - Their: Ownership; There: Place; They're: "They are."   - Two: Number; Too: Also/very; To: Direction/purpose.   - Your: Ownership; You're: "You are."