psychodynamic

Behavior is driven by motives, conceptualized as unconscious forces.
Every child is born with a fixed amount of mental energy known as libido, which becomes the basis of adult sexual drive post-development.
Psychological energy is utilized in defense mechanisms to keep urges unconscious, as they cause anxiety.

Id: Basic impulses seeking immediate gratification, irrational, impulsive, and unconscious.
Superego: Represents ideals and morals, perfectionist, informed by parental guidance, functioning at conscious and preconscious levels.
Ego: Mediates between id's impulses and superego's inhibitions, tests reality, operates at both conscious and preconscious levels.
Conflict between id and superego leads to mental illness.

Stages exhibit significant jumps; every individual undergoes the oral stage, but fixation tendencies (e.g., smoking) vary.

Reaction Formation: Adopting beliefs contrary to one’s own.
Projection: Attributing unacceptable desires to others.
Denial: Refusing to recognize unpleasant real events.
Regression: Reverting to coping strategies from less mature development stages (e.g., tantrums).
Repression: Suppressing painful memories and thoughts.
Sublimation: Redirecting unacceptable desires through acceptable channels.
Rationalization: Justifying behaviors with acceptable reasons instead of confronting true motivations.
Displacement: Transferring inappropriate urges to more acceptable targets.

Youngest of Freud's children, specialized in psychotherapy for children.
Identified importance of defense mechanisms during adolescence due to motivational conflicts.
Initially cataloged various defense mechanisms, later expanded with sublimation, identification with the aggressor, and altruism.

Emphasized that behavior is motivated by future goals; believed personality develops throughout one’s life, aiming for self-realization.
Extraversion vs. Introversion:
- Extraversion: Energized by others, seeks attention, impulsively acts, prefers verbal communication.
- Introversion: Energized alone, avoids attention, speaks thoughtfully, prefers written communication.

Establishes career prospects by assessing personal type; aids career counseling by matching clients to suitable jobs.
Developed by Isabel Briggs Myers and her mother in the 1940s, inspired by Carl Jung's concepts.
Gained popularity through educational testing services in 1957 and continues today.
Individuals classified into one of 16 personality types, reflecting innate behavioral tendencies.

Many individuals score between extremes rather than fitting neatly into types.
Retaking the test often results in different classifications.
Little evidence supports consistent relationships between MBTI types and professions, or between types and occupational success.

Focused on personality development through social influences rather than sexual stages.
Identified three fundamental concerns: occupational, social, and love.
Inferiority Complex: Describes feelings of worthlessness stemming from childhood experiences rather than sexual urges (as Freud suggested).

Studies indicate first-born children are overrepresented among English scientists.
Research shows intelligence scores tend to decline slightly as birth order increases.
Family-Niche Theory: Suggests that adapting to family roles can reduce competition and foster cooperation.