Lymphatic

Lymphatic system: drainage and defense system 

Consist of: 

  • Lymph: the substances/liquid that holds waste products

    • aka lymphocytes(type of white blood cell)

    • Help the body fight diseases and infections + maintain fluid balance 

  • Lymph vessels: helps transports the lymph liquid to the node

    • Lacteals(pick up digest lipids/fat) transport chyles(mixture of lymph + fat) to the bloodstream 

    • Diseases associated: Lymphangitis(inflammation of the lymph vessels) 

  • Lymph nodes: (receives the lymph from the lymph vessels and filters the liquid)

    • Two different types of lymphatic ducts: right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct 

      • Right lymphatic Duct: (shorter) receives purified lymphs from: the right side of head, (r)head, (r)chest and right arm. Empties to the right subclavian vein and returns the newly purified lymph to the blood 

      • Thoracic duct(left): (larger) drains the lymph from the rest of the body(the parts that's not been drained from the right) + emptied to the left subclavian vein. 

        • Cisterna chyli: pouch like structure that acts like storage space for purified lumps be from this purified lymoths returns back to the bloodstream (Location: start of the thoracic duct) 

  • Lymphatic tissue: areas of the body that have a lot of lymphocyte 











Lymph:

  • Thin watery fluid composed of intracellular or interstitial fluid and waste product

  • Forma plasma which diffuses into tissues space(surrounds body cells or tissues)

  • Composed of

    • Water 

    • Digested netherton 

    • Salts

    • Hormones 

    • Oxygen 

    • Carbon dioxide

    • Lymphocyte

    • Metabolic waste such as urea  



Lymphatic vessels:

  • Located throughout the body 

  • Lymphatic capillaries-small open-ended lymph vessels act like draining called lymphatic capillaries 

  • Lymphatic capillaries pick up lymph at tissues throughout the body 

  • Join together to form larger lymphatic backless which pass through the lymph nodes 

  • Contraction of skeletal muscles causes the lymph to slow through the vessels

  • The lymphatic vessels have valves that keep the lymph flowing in one directions 

  • Lacteals pick up digested fats or lipids 

  • Chyles: when lymph is mixed with the lipids 

  • The lacteals transport the chyle to the bloodstream 









Lymph nodes: 

  • Called gland all over the body 

  • Usually in group or clusters 

  • Small round masses ranging in size from a pinhead to to an almond 

  • These nodes are used to filter lymph and remove impurities such as disease producing organism(carman cancer call, pathogen and dead blood bell)

  • The lymph tissue in the nodes price lympthosute(type of a while cell) and antibodies (substance used to combat infections) 



Lymphatic vessels leave the lymph nodes and they continue to form larger lymph vessels

These vessels drain into one or two lymphatic ducts, the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct

  • The right lymphatic duct is a short tube that receives purified lymph from the right side of the head and the neck, and the right chest, and the right arm. It empties into the right subclavian vein, returning the purified lymph to the blood.

  • The thoracic duct–a larger tube, drains the lymph from the rest of the body. It empties into the left subclavian vein. At the start of the thoracic duct, this pouch-like structure is called the cisterna chyli. 

    • Cisterna chyli: serves as a storage area for purified lymph before this lymph returns to the bloodstream.







Tonsils: 

  • filters interstitial fluid 

  • Three pairs of tonsil are the palatine tonsils

  • Located on each of the soft palate 

  • Pharyngeal tonsil-also called the adenoids(located in the nasopharynx)the upper part of the throat) 

  • Lingual Tonsils located on the back of the tongue 



Spleen: 

  • Cleanses blood

    • Filternation 

    • Phagocytosis (engulfs or digest large particles like bacteria)

  • Destroy old red blood cell

  • Produces red blood cell before birth 

  • Is reservoir for blood 

    • Thymus 

  • plays key role in early immune system development 

  • Produce thymosin 

  • Developed T lymphocyte cell

  • Promote lymphocyte growth

  • Promotes lymphoid tissue activity 

  • Shrinks after puberty 



Adenitusus:

  • Inflammation infection of the lymph nodes

  • Symptoms are swollen paling side, incision/drainage must be treated on an abscess may from in the node 

  • Treatment: automatic sdn warm wet compresses help, if the patient as an abscess it will need I&D



Hodgkin's disease

  • chronic , malignant disease of the lymph nodes

  • Symptoms inside painless swelling of the ,lymph nodes fever, night sweats weight loss fatigue and itching(pruritus)

  • Treatment- chemotherapy and radiation 



Lymphangitis:

  • Inflammation if the lymphatic vessel usually happens because of an infection in an extremity

  • Symptoms include a read streak extending up an arm or leg from the source of the infection 



Speelomegy

  • Enlargement of the spleen can result from an abnormal accumulation of red blood cell mononucleosis and cirrhosis of the liver 

  • Symptoms: selling and abdominal pain, of the spleen rupture intraperitoneal hemorrhage and shock can lead to death 

  • Treatment: splenectomy last resort 



Tonsillitis: 

  • Inflammation or infection of the tonsils. At times involves the pharyngeal (adenoid) and palatine tonsil 

  • Symptoms: throat pain, dysphasia, fever, white or yellow spot of exudate on the tonsils and swollen lymph nodes near the jaw or mandible 

  • Treatment: antibiotics, warm toast irrigation, rest and analgesic for pain are main treatments. Frequent and chronic is the cause for tonsillectomy