Skibidi unit 1
The Global Tapestry | China (East Asia), Dar al-Islam, India(South Asia) Africa, Americas, Europe |
States | |
Yang Jian | first emperor of the Sui dynasty in China and is known for reunifying the country after centuries of instability: |
The Sui Dynasty: | |
Grand Canal | the longest man-made waterway in the world, spanning over 1,100 miles between the cities of Beijing in the north and Hangzhou in the south, connecting the Yellow River and the Yangtze River. The earliest construction dates from the fifth century BCE. Useful for transportation. |
The Tang Dynasty : Weakness : Uighurs: | The Tang Dynasty (618–907 AD) was a golden age of Chinese culture, known for its advancements in art, literature, and trade along the Silk Road. It marked a period of strong centralized government, territorial expansion, and cultural flourishing that influenced East Asia for centuries. The Tang Dynasty's downfall was marked by internal strife, corruption, and weakening central control, culminating in the An Lushan Rebellion (755–763). In addition, external threats, particularly from the Uighurs who originally helped the Tang and other nomadic groups, further destabilized the empire, eventually leading to its collapse in 907 AD. |
Middle Kingdom : | Tang China's relationship with neighboring states served as the central power surrounded by lesser states. The other states would recognize Tang superiority and send tribute and in return China granted protection and local authority and trade. |
Tang Taizong: | Taizong had even reopened the Silk Road, to rekindle trade between China and Central Asia. He had created the foundations for a “golden age” of Chinese civilization that allowed the Tang Dynasty to endure for another three centuries, until 907. |
Civil Service Exam: Bureaucracy of Merit | Most qualified people got the job. Very devoted to Confucius thought. |
Chang’an: | Chang'an was an ancient capital of China, serving as a political and cultural hub during multiple dynasties, including the Han and Tang. It was a major center for trade, particularly along the Silk Road, fostering cultural exchange and economic growth across Asia and beyond. |
The Song Dynasty : | Emphasized confucianism, helped remain power, neo confucianism, Expanded Bureaucracy to maintain power. Roles of women : Population doubled |
Song Dynasty economy : | Significant trading goods, Porcelain and Silk/Champa rice |
Equal field system : | A system of land distribution developed during the Tang dynasty where people were given land based on family size and needs. To prevent peasant land from falling into the hands of the aristocracy |
Advancements in agriculture : (fast-ripening rice) | New strains of rice and better methods of water control and irrigation, greatly increased rice yields. Champa rice, which belongs to the aus subspecies and ripens faster than regular rice, originated in this time. |
Foot binding | A practice first carried out on young girls in Tang Dynasty China to restrict their normal growth and make their feet as small as possible. Seen has a sign of status, keeping women controlled and in the house. |
Advancements in technology Song dynasty : | Improvements in agriculture, development of moveable type, uses for gunpowder, invention of a mechanical clock, superior shipbuilding, the use of paper money, compass navigation, and porcelain production. |
Population growth : | China's population experienced significant growth, reaching approximately 100 million by the 12th century. This rapid increase was largely driven by agricultural advancements, such as the widespread cultivation of fast-ripening rice, improved irrigation techniques, and expanded use of fertilizers, which boosted food production and supported a larger population. |
Gunpowder: | a mixture of sulfur, charcoal, and saltpeter (potassium nitrate) that burns rapidly and explosively, developed in china. |
Theravada Buddhism : | Sri lanka. Practice of buddhism by monks and monasteries. Believed that normal people were too preoccupied for nirvana. |
Mahayana Buddhism : | East asian, broader participation in buddhist practices, (bodhisattvas those who had obtained enlightenment) helped others |
Silk Road : | A network of trade routes that connected China and the Far East with the Middle East and Europe. Silk, spices, tea, ivory, cotton, wool, precious metals, porcelain, medicine, perfumes, and more. |
Cosmopolitan society : | Characterized by diverse cultures, ethnicities, and ideas, often resulting from trade, migration, and cultural exchange. In such societies, individuals from various backgrounds coexist and contribute to a vibrant, interconnected community, fostering innovation and tolerance. |
Neo-Confucianism | |
Buddhism : Similarities with hinduism | ok |
Chinese influence : | Japan : spread of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Chinese political models. Japan adopted elements such as a centralized government, a Confucian-based legal code, and Chinese-style architecture, though it maintained distinct practices, like the continuation of Shintoism and the preservation of a decentralized feudal system Vietnam : adoption of Confucianism, Chinese-style government administration, and Mahayana Buddhism. However, despite this influence, Vietnam maintained its distinct cultural identity, including local religious practices and resistance to direct Chinese political control, particularly through frequent rebellions and efforts to preserve its autonomy.. |
Chan Buddhism: | A Chinese form of Buddhism influenced by Daoist principles, emphasizes meditation, personal enlightenment, and direct experience over formal rituals and scriptures. |
Silla Dynasty : | Korean kingdom that unified much of the Korean Peninsula, flourishing through strong ties with Tang China and promoting Buddhism, leading to significant cultural and technological advancements. |
Shotgunate | That's right! The government in Song China was centered around an emperor with ultimate power and a strong bureaucracy to implement decisions. During the shogunate, the government in Japan was more decentralized around powerful families. The emperor in Japan didn’t have much direct power. |
Nara Japan | First permanent capital of Japan, marked by the establishment of a centralized government, the adoption of Chinese cultural and political influences, and the flourishing of Buddhism, as exemplified by the construction of significant temples like Todai-ji. |
Shinto/Shintoism | The indigenous religion of Japan that focuses on the worship of kami (spirits or deities) found in nature, ancestors, and sacred sites, emphasizing rituals and practices to maintain harmony between humans and the spiritual world. |
Japanese Emperors/Fujiwara | The Fujiwara clan dominated the Japanese imperial court during the Heian period (794–1185) through strategic marriages and political maneuvering, effectively controlling the imperial family and government while fostering a flourishing culture that emphasized art, literature, and the influence of Buddhism. |
Heian Japan | A period known for its flourishing court culture, significant advancements in art and literature, and the rise of the samurai class. |
The tale of Genji: | Written by Murasaki Shikibu in the early 11th century, it is considered the world's first novel, depicting the life and loves of Hikaru Genji in the Heian court and reflecting the era's complex social dynamics and aesthetics. |
Samurai : | Samurai were elite warriors in feudal Japan, known for their martial skills, adherence to the code of bushido, and role as military nobility. |
Dar-Al-Islam : | House of islam. All places where islamic faith is organizing principle of civilization |
Mecca : | Sacred city in Islam, located in Saudi Arabia, known as the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad and the site of the Kaaba, which Muslims face during prayer and is the destination for the Hajj pilgrimage. |
Ka’aba | The Kaaba is a sacred stone structure located in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, and is the most important site in Islam, serving as the qibla, or direction, toward which Muslims pray. |
Muhammad | Muhammad is the founder of Islam, regarded by Muslims as the last prophet, who received revelations from God that form the basis of the Quran in the 7th century CE. |
Hijra: | Hijra refers to Muhammad's migration from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE, marking the beginning of the Islamic calendar and the establishment of the first Muslim community. |
Muslim opponents/war | Muslim opponents, including various tribes and empires, resisted the spread of Islam, leading to a series of conflicts such as the Battle of Badr and the Battle of Uhud during the early years of the Islamic community. |
Bedouin: | Bedouins are nomadic Arab tribes traditionally inhabiting desert regions in the Middle East, known for their herding lifestyles and rich oral cultural traditions. |
Mohammad’s destruction of idols | Muhammad’s destruction of idols in 630 CE signified the rejection of polytheism and the establishment of monotheism in Islam, particularly during his conquest of Mecca when he removed pagan statues from the Kaaba. |
Hadith: | Hadith are recorded sayings, actions, and approvals of the Prophet Muhammad that serve as important sources of guidance and law in Islam, complementing the Quran. |
Quran: | -The word of Allah as told to Muhammad In Arabic -Muslim missionaries used the Quran to spread -Allah’s message to the people in the lands that were conquered |
Umma: | Umma refers to the collective community of Muslims worldwide, united by their faith and shared religious practices, transcending ethnic and geographical boundaries. |
Seal of the Prophets: | Title for Muhammad in Islam, signifying that he is the final prophet and messenger of God, completing the line of prophecy that includes figures like Moses and Jesus. |
5 Pillars of Islam: | The core beliefs and practices for Muslims, including the declaration of faith (Shahada), prayer (Salah), almsgiving (Zakat), fasting during Ramadan (Sawm), and pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj). |
Jihad: | Jihad refers to the spiritual struggle to maintain faith and follow God's will, often interpreted as both personal self-improvement and, in some contexts, the defense of Islam. |
Sharia : | -Muslim laws -Provided a sense of unity and a common way to deal with people in the large empire |
Abu Bakr: | Abu Bakr was a close companion of Muhammad and the first caliph of Islam, leading the Muslim community after Muhammad's death and helping to consolidate the Islamic state. |
Caliph: | A caliph is a religious and political leader in Islam, regarded as a successor to Muhammad, responsible for leading the Muslim community and upholding Islamic law. |
Sunni/ Shia: | Sunni and Shia are the two main branches of Islam, with Sunnis believing in the legitimacy of elected leaders (caliphs) after Muhammad, while Shia followers support leadership through Muhammad's family, particularly Ali, his cousin and son-in-law. |
Ali (successor) : | Ali was the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, recognized by Shia Muslims as the first rightful caliph and the first Imam, playing a crucial role in early Islamic history and governance. |
Umayyads: | The Umayyads were the first major Islamic dynasty (661–750 CE) that expanded the empire significantly, known for establishing Arabic as the administrative language and promoting cultural and economic growth across vast territories. The empire became overextended. By 717, the Umayyads were having trouble defending frontiers and preventing insurrections |
Jizya: | Jizya is a tax historically levied on non-Muslims in Islamic states, allowing them to practice their religion while providing protection and exempting them from military service. |
Abbasids: | The Abbasids were the second major dynasty of the Islamic caliphate (750–1258 CE), known for their cultural, scientific, and economic achievements, and for moving the capital to Baghdad, which became a center of learning and trade. |
Seljuk Empire : | The Seljuk Empire was a medieval Turkish state (1037–1194 CE) Took over Abbasids in certain regions, that expanded across the Middle East, known for its military prowess, promoting Sunni Islam, and influencing art, culture, and architecture, particularly through the establishment of caravanserais and mosques. |
Abu al-Abbas: | The founder of the Abbasid Caliphate and its first caliph, ruling from 750 to 754 CE and leading the revolution that overthrew the Umayyad dynasty. |
Ulama (religious scholars) and Qadis (religious judges): | -Resolved disputes according to religious law -Made sure people observed Islamic traditions -Brought the values of the Quran into people’s lives who part of the distant empires |
Harun al-Rashid: | The fifth caliph of the Abbasid dynasty (786–809 CE), known for his reign during the Islamic Golden Age, marked by cultural flourishing, scientific advancements, and the famous tales of "One Thousand and One Nights." |
Golden age of Islam : | The Golden Age of Islam (8th to 14th centuries) was a period of significant cultural, scientific, and intellectual achievements in the Islamic world, characterized by advancements in mathematics, medicine, philosophy, and the arts, fostering a rich exchange of knowledge across cultures. |
House of Baghdad: House of Wisdom | A major intellectual center during the Islamic Golden Age, established in the 9th century, where scholars gathered to translate, study, and advance knowledge in various fields, including mathematics, astronomy, and medicine. |
Sakk: | Banks stimulated the commercial economy of the Islamic world. Banks operated classical antiquity but islamic banks conducted business and provided an extensive range of money to entrepreneurs and served as brokers for branches known as the Sakk. These were letters of credit, the word for the modern word check. |
Madrasas: | -Higher education institutions that promoted Muslim values These formal education systems promoted islamic values to learned students. |
Sufis: | -Sufis were Muslim missionaries who focused more on the spiritual aspect of Islam than on religious doctrine -Sufis were popular and successful. many people converted because they lived simple lives, helped those in need, Were tolerant -They taught that devotion to Allah was the most important thing and a person could worship Allah how they saw fit, not necessarily according to what the Quran said. -Far more open to local beliefs |
Hajj | -The Hajj is a pilgrimage to Mecca that Muslims are asked to do once in their lives -Promotes cultural unity -Draws Muslims from all over the world |
Persian influence : | -One of the first areas to be conquered -Administrative strategies -View of leaders as absolute -Persian became the language of literature and poetry: Arabian Nights |
Indian Influence: | -Math: HIndi numerals (which we know as Arabic numerals) -Algebra, Trigonometry, Geometry -Basic interest in the scholarship of math and also for practical matters in keeping records -Science and medicine -Accurate astronomical calculations\ -Medical treatments |
Greek Influence : | -Muslim scholars translated the works of Plato and Aristotle into Arabic. They obtained these Greek works from the library at Alexandria (Egypt) They not only translated, but studied and analyzed them. Many conservative Muslims didn’t like the way the scholars merged Plato’s ideas with Islam. Ibn Rushd (1126-1198), living in al-Andalus, studied Aristotle. Tried to find a rational understanding of the world. Christian scholars caught on to this and Ibn Rushd’s work influenced scholasticism (the movement to connect Christianity with logical thought) Ibn Rushd angered many Muslims for placing more emphasis on logic than the Quran -Greek math, science, and medicine |
Gupta : | The Gupta Empire (c. 320–550 CE) was an ancient Indian empire known for its golden age of art, science, and literature, marked by significant advancements in mathematics, astronomy, and the flourishing of Hindu culture. |
King Harsha : | King Harsha was a prominent Indian ruler (606–648 CE) known for unifying northern India, promoting Buddhism, and establishing a flourishing cultural and intellectual environment during his reign. |
Mahmud of Ghazni : | Mahmud of Ghazni was a Turkish ruler and the founder of the Ghaznavid Empire (971–1186 CE), known for his military campaigns in the Indian subcontinent and his patronage of culture and the arts, particularly promoting Persian literature. |
The Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526): | -Mahmud’s successors wanted to establish an empire in India -They conquered northern India and established the Sultanate of Delhi -Capital at Delhi -Built mosques and fortresses throughout their empire -Their control was mostly just in Delhi -Depended on Hindu kings to carry out their orders -The Delhi Sultanate is significant because it helped to spread Islamic culture and establish Islam in the Bengal region of India |
Chola Kingdom : | The Chola Kingdom was a Tamil dynasty in southern India (c. 300 BCE–1279 CE) renowned for its advancements in art, architecture, and maritime trade, as well as for establishing a strong naval presence in Southeast Asia. |
Kingdom of Vijayanagar : | Major hindu kingdom. Established as a failed attempt to expand islam to the south by the Delhi sultanate. |
Monsoons: | Monsoons in ancient India provided essential rainfall for agriculture, shaping farming practices and settlements, and influencing trade and migration patterns. |
Dhow: | A dhow is a traditional sailing vessel used in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, known for its triangular sails and played a crucial role in maritime trade. |
Calicut: | Calicut, also known as Kozhikode, was a major trading city on the southwestern coast of India, known for its spice trade and as a key center for Indian Ocean commerce during the medieval period. |
Cambray: | Cambrai is a city in northern France known for its historical significance in medieval trade and as a center for textile production. |
Caste System: | The caste system in India is a hierarchical social structure dividing people into rigid groups based on occupation and birth, significantly influencing social dynamics and interactions throughout Indian history. How India ruled and remained in power. |
Subcastes: | Subcastes in India, or jatis, are smaller divisions within the main caste categories, often based on specific occupations, rituals, or regional identities, reflecting the complexity and diversity of the caste system. |
Shiva: | Shiva is a major deity in Hinduism, known as the "Destroyer" within the Trimurti, representing transformation and regeneration, and is worshiped through various forms and symbols. |
Vishnu: | Vishnu is a principal deity in Hinduism, known as the "Preserver" in the Trimurti, who maintains cosmic order and is often worshiped through his avatars, including Rama and Krishna. |
Funan: | Funan was an ancient kingdom in Southeast Asia (1st to 6th centuries CE) known for its trade networks, cultural exchanges, and early Indian influence, particularly in what is now southern Vietnam and Cambodia. |
Srivijaya: | Srivijaya was a powerful maritime empire in Southeast Asia (7th to 13th centuries CE) known for its trade dominance, Buddhist culture, and control of the Strait of Malacca. |
Angkor Wat: | Built as a magnificent Hindu temple but later after conversion to buddhism they added many buddhist elements. Shows religious continuity and change. |
Melaka: | Melaka was a significant trading port in Southeast Asia during the 15th century, known for its strategic location along maritime trade routes and its role in the spread of Islam. |
Hinduism Three main deities : | Brahma - the creator Vishnu - the preserver Shiva - the destroyer, transformer- Also known as Lord of the Dance |
Other gods and goddesses: | Ganesh - Shiva’s son - elephant-headed remover of obstacles Saraswati - goddess of wisdom Parvati - Divine Mother Durga - the warrior form of Parvati |
Hinduism Beliefs : | -Moksha - Escape from the cycles of life -Samsara - the cycles of life -Reincarnation -Karma -Dharma - one’s duty in life -All life is sacred |
Philosophy : | -Hinduism influenced philosophy -Shankara-The physical world was an illusion There is a unity in the world that is beyond the senses-Logical thinking will allow a person to understand this ultimate reality -Ramanuja Intense devotion to gods would allow a person to become one with them |
Bhakti Movement | -Wanted to blend Hinduism and Islam -Believed in spiritual equality of beliefs Kabir (Indian mystic in the 1400s) - taught that Vishnu, Shiva, and Allah were all manifestations of the same god Appealed to lower castes -The Bhakti movement did not succeed but it helped to makes connections between Islam and Hinduism in India |
Majapahit Kingdom | In java. Buddhist kingdom, controlled sea routes for trade |