Jazz Study Notes

Origins: New Orleans around 1900.
Influences:
- African and European music traditions.
- Oral and written traditions.
- Music of black, white, and creole populations.
- Music of the socially disadvantaged.
Musicians: Many Jazz musicians had formal musical training.
Spread: Along the Mississippi River.

Formative elements: Field Holler, Work Song, Blues.
Field Holler:
- Communication over long distances.
- Combating loneliness.
- Distraction from hard labor.
- Long, descending calls.
- Picked up by others.
- Voice breaks into falsetto, raw vocalization.
Work Song:
- Coordination of work processes.
- Distraction from hard labor through singing.
- Call and response in rhythm with movements.
- Often rhythmically accompanied by work tools.
Development of Blue Notes:
- European: C-D-E-F-G-A-B
- African: Discrepancy leads to "blue notes"
Blues variations: Country Blues, City Blues.
African characteristics in Blues:
- Raw vocalization.
- Voice breaks into falsetto.
- Descending melodic phrases.
- Musical "calls" with voice and instruments.
- Each chorus consists of 3 text lines.
- Use of the Blues scale.
- 12-bar blues scheme.

Bluesschema:
- T S(T) T T
- S D S T T
- S(D) TT(D)
Creating a Blues Scale:
- Write down the diatonic scale.
- Remove the 2nd and 6th scale degrees.
- Flatten the 3rd and 7th scale degrees (minors).
- Insert the flattened 5th degree (augmented 4th).

Instruments: Primarily wind instruments from military bands of the American Civil War.
- Trumpet (Cornet), clarinet, trombone, tuba (sousaphone), piano.
Harmony: Major and minor chords, seventh chords.
Notation: Music notation.
Emphasis: Emphasis on all "and" beats.
Musical Education: Musical education of the Creoles.
Ragtime: E.g., Scott Joplin: "The Entertainer," characteristic syncopation.

Individual Tongebung + Stimmfärbung:
- Individual tone and timbre (e.g., Louis Armstrong's voice and trumpet style).
Typical Jazz Techniques:
- Smear (sliding into a note).
- Glissando (gliding).
- Dirty Tones (intentionally impure).
- Growl (raw sound).
- Shake (waving movement at the end of a tone).

First Jazz Style: Black, ca. 1900.
Instrumentation:
- Melody section: Trumpet, clarinet, trombone.
- Rhythm section: Drums, double bass, tuba, snare drum, banjo.
Musicians: Buddy Bolden (trumpet), Louis Armstrong (trumpet).
Collective Improvisation: With distributed roles.

Black: Without notes (cannot read).
White: According to notes.
Instrumentation: Like New Orleans Jazz.
Goal: Enjoyment of making music.
Musician Representatives: Original Dixieland Jass Band; The New Orleans Rhythm Kings.

Historical Context:
- 1917: USA enters World War I.
- Storyville entertainment district closed.
- New Orleans becomes a naval port.
Migration: Musicians migrate north (to Chicago).
Chicago: New center of jazz music.
Styles:
- Black: New Orleans Jazz (Louis Armstrong).
- White: Chicago Style.
  - New instrument: Saxophone.
  - Longer solo improvisations.
  - Less polyphony.
  - Sometimes faster.
- Representatives: Bix Beiderbecke (trumpet) - white, Louis Armstrong (trumpet) - black.

Historical Context:
- World economic crisis and depression of 1929.
- People want entertainment and shows (e.g., Cotton Club).
Establishment: Jazz establishes itself in recording studios and record companies.
Arrangements: Large number of instruments requires arrangements.
Professionalism: Higher instrumental skill (professional musicians).
Function: Pure dance music.

Size: 13-18 musicians, fixed instrumentation.
Sections:
- Reed section: 4-5 saxophones, clarinet.
- Brass section: 3-5 trumpets, 3-5 trombones.
- Rhythm section: Drums, piano, bass, guitar.
Rhythm: Swing rhythm (swinging eighths).
Bandleaders: Glenn Miller (trombone) - white, Duke Ellington (piano) - black, "Master of Arrangements".