Biodiversity

  • the shortened form of 2 words “biological” and “diversity

  • it refers to all the variety of life than can be found on earth (plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms) as well as to the communities that thyy form and the habitats in which they live

TYPES OF DIVERSITY

  • Genetic Diversity- diversity of genes within a species

  • Species Diversity- diversity among species in an ecosystem

  • Ecosystem Diversity- diversity of a habitat in a given unit area

3 DOMAIN SYSTEM

  • Eukaryota- chromists, plants, alveolates, animals, fungi, rhodophytes, flagellates, basal protists

  • Bacteria- cyanobacteria, heterotopic bacteria

  • archaea- halophiles, thermophiles

6 KINGDOM SYSTEM

Eukaryotes

  • Plantae- multicellular

  • Animalia- multicellular

  • Fungi- multicellular

  • Protista- multicellular

Prokaryotes

  • Eubacteria- unicellular

  • Archaebacteria- unicellular

BIOLOGICAL SYSREM OF CLASIFICATION

  1. Kingdom

  2. Phylum or Division- each phylum consists of organisms that are basically similar, although their similarities may not be obvious

  3. Class- a phylum is made out of several classes

  4. Order- classes are made out of orders

  5. family- within each order there are families within each family, as the name suggests, the resemblance between organisms are fairly close

  6. Genus- each family consists of a varying number of genera (singular: genus)

  7. Species- a genus usually has several species Organisms within a species can breed or produce offspring that can grow, develop and reproduce normally

CARL LINNAEUS

  • developed a system of classifying living things which became the basis of classification and naming systems today

  • his system has 7 levels, these levels are constantly being refined by scientists today

  • started the binomial (2 part) naming system

  • each living thing has a name consisting of 2 latin words the genus and the species name

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

  • Linnaeus developed a system for naming organisms

  • the naming system is call binomial Nomenclature

Why do we classify?

  1. To make the study of organisms easier

  2. to clearly communicate about living things with people despite language differences

  3. to explore how various living things are related to each other

DICHOTOMOUS KEY

  • Has a series of paired statements called couplets, each couplets consists of 2 contrasting statements

CLASSIFICATION

  • The grouping of organisms is based on their shared observable characteristics

  • Scientists also have been using genetic data to know whether a living thing is related to another

CLASSIFICATION USING THE DICHOTOMOUS KEY

  • a classification key is a set of questions and answers used to identify and classify a living being

  • resembles a branching flow-chart, making it helpful in identifying closely related organisims

KINGDOM ARCHAEA

  • microscopic

  • prokaryotic cell

  • without peptidoglycan

  • capable of surviving in extreme environments

  • EX. thermophiles, acidophiles, halophiles

KINGDOM BACTERIA

  • Microscopic

  • prokaryotic cell

  • cell walls with peptidoglycan

  • most are pathogenic

  • can form clusters/colonies

  • Reproduces through binary fission

  • spheres, rods, spirals

KINGDOM PROTISTA

  • Unicellular/multicellular organisms

  • eukaryotic cell

  • cell wall with cellulose

  • some form clusters/colonies

  • produces sexually/asexually

  • CONSISTS OF

  • protozoans- euglena, paramecium, amoeba

  • Algae- Volvox, algae, dinoflagellates

  • Slime molds

KINGDOM FUNGI

  • Unicellular/multicellular

  • eukaryotic cell

  • bodies consist of mycelium (hyphae

  • heterotopic

  • either saprophytic or parasitic

  • reproduces sexually/asexually

KINGDOM PLANTAE

  • multicellular organisms

  • autotropic

  • cell walls composed of cellulose

  • contains chloroplast and chlorophyll

  • Vascular- plants that have vascular tubes to transport water and food

  • Non-Vascular- plants that don’t have vascular tubes

Xylem

  • water and minerals goes ones way

  • no ends walls between cells

  • outer cells are not living

Phloem

  • organic molecule

  • enwalls (sieve plates)

  • 2 way movement

  • cells are living but need support

Vascular

  • seedless

  • seedbearing plants- gymnosperms and angiosperms

ANGIOSPERMS

  • flowering plants

  • reproductive system in flowers

  • seed enclosed in library

  • flat leaves

  • seasonal life cycle

  • has triploid tissue

  • hardwood

  • pollinated by animals, wind and water

  • ex: apple, dandelion, wheat, maple, rose, walnut

GYMNOSPERMS

  • non-flowering plans

  • reproductive system in cones

  • unclosed or naked seeds

  • needle like seeds

  • evergreen

  • has haploid tissue

  • softwood

  • mainly pollinated by wind

  • ex: pine, spruce, gingko, yew, cypress

KINGDOM AMALIA

  • multicellular organisms

  • heterotopic

  • eukaryotic cell

  • ingests food and digest it in their internal cavity

  • most reproduce sexually

  • can be grouped in vertebrates and non-vertebrates

  • consists of 9 phyla: Mollusca, porifera, cnidaria. platyhelminths, Nematoda, Annelida , Arthropoda, Echinodermata and Chordata

CONSISTS OF

  • Phylum Porifera- sponges

  • Phylum Mollusca- snail, clams, squid

  • Phylum Cnidaria- jellyfishes

  • Phylum Platyhelminthes- tapeworm, planaria, fuchsia flatworms

  • Phylum Annelida- earthworms, leeches

  • Phylum Nematoda- hookworm, pinworm, ascaria

  • Phylum Arthropoda- insects arachnids crustatians

  • Phylum Echinodermata- sea urchin, starfish

  • Phylum Chordata- reptiles, amphibians, mammals, birds