CHAPTER5
CHAPTER #5
Acetyl-CoA production | process in cellular respiration that converts pyruvate into Acetyl-CoA, entering the Krebs cycle | 2nd stage of cellular respiration; in matrix of mitochondria |
aerobic respiration | process of producing cellular energy (ATP) with oxygen | Yields much more ATPs, Muscles of endurance marathon runners |
anaerobic respiration | Energy acquisition without oxygen | Mitochondria not needed + Yields fewer ATPs |
ATP | Adenosine triphosphate, the primary energy carrier in cells | portable chemical energy in living organisms |
ATP synthase | generates ATP (high energy molecule) using movement of H+ ions. | From ADP; works like watermill. |
Calvin cycle | set of chemical reactions that take place in stroma of chloroplasts during photosynthesis, producing glucose | Takes CO2; Carbon capture stage; “Synthesis” reaction; ATP and NADPH generated used to synthesize sugar from carbon dioxide |
Carotenoid | harvest energy from blue-green light |
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Cellular respiration | chemical bonds in simple sugars are broken down to generated ATP energy | in the mitochondria in a controlled manner; Oxygen + sugar CO2 + H2O + ATP |
Chemical energy | Energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds |
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Chlorophyll | green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis | On top on thylakoid membrane and in the chloroplast |
Chloroplast | Bacteria-like organelles derived from endosymbiosis | Have double membrane structure + thylakoid |
Cristae | Inner membrane on the mitochondria |
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Electron transport chain | series of protein complexes that transfer electrons, creating a gradient that produces ATP | Type of light reaction; NADP+ receives an electron and make NADPH; 4th stage of cellular respiration |
Fermentation | process that allows cells to produce energy without oxygen, resulting in byproducts like ethanol or lactic acid | process of regenerating NAD+.; Muscles of sprint runners |
First law of thermodynamics | Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed or transferred |
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Fossil fuel | organic molecules from ancient living organisms | petroleum |
Glycolysis | process of breaking down glucose into pyruvate, generating ATP and NADH | 1st stage of cellular respiration |
Krebs cycle | series of chemical reactions in the mitochondria that generate ATP, NADH, FADH2 | 3rd stage of cellular respiration |
Lactic acid | Byproduct of glycolysis |
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Light reaction | Occurs in the thylakoid of chloroplasts; Captured energy is stored in ATP and NADPH | 1st stage of photosynthesis; Energy capture stage; “Photo” reaction |
NADPH | a high energy electron carrier for photosynthesis; used for synthesis of organic molecules | Made from NADP+ and electrons |
NADH | electron carriers | used in cellular respiration to help produce ATP |
FADH2 | electron carriers | used in cellular respiration to help produce ATP |
Photon | particle of light energy |
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Photosynthesis | process by which plants use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen |
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Photosystem | group of molecules in the chloroplast that absorbs light during photosynthesis | Type of light reactions; found in thylakoid memebrane |
Electron acceptor | Electrons released are given to another organic molecule | In cellular respiration |
pyruvate (pyruvic acid) | molecule produced when glucose is broken down during glycolysis | used in cellular respiration |
Rubisco | enzyme that helps plants capture carbon dioxide during photosynthesis |
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Second law of thermodynamics | Losing of energy | Energy is transformed into different forms. |
Stomata | Small openings on the surface of plant leaves that allow gases like carbon dioxide and oxygen to move in and out |
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