AP Psychology Exam Review Notes

Section I of the Exam

  • 75 Multiple Choice Questions
  • 90 Minutes (Timed)
  • 66.7%66.7\% of Exam
    • The exam will be delivered digitally.
    • Digital exams are proctored and administered in school.
    • You will use a program directed by the AP Coordinator called Bluebook.
    • The multiple-choice portion of the exam contains 75 four-choice (A to D) questions.
    • Expected longer stimulus questions that are application-based.
    • The questions will focus significantly on science practices.
    • The multiple-choice section is two-thirds of your overall score.

Section II of the Exam

  • 2 Free-Response Questions
    • Question 1: Article Analysis Question (AAQ)
    • Question 2: Evidence-Based Question (EBQ)
  • 70 Minutes (Timed)
  • 33.3%33.3\% of Exam (each question is weighted equally)
    • AAQ-25 minutes (including 10 minutes for reading one source)
    • EBQ-45 minutes (included 15 minutes for reading three sources)
    • Always write in complete sentences and use appropriate psychological terminology.
  • The exam has two parts: a multiple-choice section and a free-response section.
  • You will have two hours and forty minutes to complete the entire digital test
  • Focus to include the information that you will likely need to know for the exam. Don’t underestimate the amount of time and effort needed to prepare for the exam.

AP Psychology Units

  • Review your previous unit exam scores and assignments to determine your qualification level (Well Qualified, Qualified, Possibly Qualified).
  • Biological Bases of Behavior: 15%−25%15\%-25\%
  • Cognition: 15%−25%15\%-25\%
  • Development & Learning: 15%−25%15\%-25\%
  • Social Psychology & Personality: 15%−25%15\%-25\%
  • Mental & Physical Health: 15%−25%15\%-25\%

How to Use:

  1. List the Term: Start with the term or concept you need to assess.
  2. Rate Your Understanding: Use the scale to rate your current understanding of the term.
  3. Action Plan: Decide on the next steps based on your rating.

Rating Scale:

  • 5 - Full Understanding: Explain and use in examples without any reference. (No Review Needed)
  • 4 - Strong Understanding: Understand well, use correctly most of the time, but occasionally need to clarify finer details. (Light Review)
  • 3 - Moderate Understanding: Recognize the term and basic idea, but sometimes confuse aspects of its application or theory. (Moderate Review)
  • 2 - Basic Understanding: Heard of this term and can recall some details, but struggle to explain it clearly. (In-depth Review Required)
  • 1 - No Understanding: Do not recognize or cannot recall its meaning. (Comprehensive Study Needed)

Action Plan:

  • 5: Integrate this term into practice questions to solidify your mastery.
  • 4: Review class notes or textbooks to refresh this term during your next study session.
  • 3: Focus on this term in your upcoming study sessions; use additional resources like videos or peer discussions to clarify concepts.
  • 2: Plan to spend significant time revisiting this term through various learning methods (reading, quizzes, group study).
  • 1: Prioritize understanding this term with a teacher or tutor's help and utilize multiple resources to build foundational knowledge.
  • Example:
    • Term: Cognitive Dissonance
    • Rate Your Understanding: 3
    • Action Plan: Schedule a focused review session on cognitive dissonance, including examples and peer discussion to clarify understanding.

AP Exam Score

  • A weighted combination of multiple choice and free-response sections.
  • Reported on a 5-point scale with college credit recommendations.
  • Scores available online in July via College Board account.
  • If you score a 3 or higher it means you could pass a college psychology class. You will likely get college credit. Many state colleges will accept a 3. Other colleges that are more selective would not accept a 3. Research your college of choice to determine which score they would accept.
  • Practice 1: Concept Application. Apply psychological perspectives, theories, concepts, and research findings.
  • Practice 2: Research Methods & Design. Evaluate qualitative and quantitative research methods and study designs.
  • Practice 3: Data Interpretation. Evaluate representations of psychological concepts in quantitative and qualitative research, including tables, graphs, charts, figures, and diagrams.
  • Practice 4: Argumentation. Develop and justify psychological arguments using evidence.
  • Optimizing exam preparation by using this cram packet as a strategic tool to pinpoint your strengths and areas for improvement in AP Psychology.
  • Review each section thoroughly to reinforce your understanding of key concepts and practices.
  • Actively identify topics you are confident in and those you find challenging.
  • Focus on areas of difficulty by seeking additional resources or clarification, ensuring a comprehensive grasp of all material before the exam.
  • Use this targeted approach to efficiently allocate your study time and boost your confidence across all exam topics.

Psychological Perspectives

  • Evolutionary: Mental processes aid survival and reproduction.
  • Psychodynamic: Behavior is determined by past unconscious experiences and childhood.
  • Cognitive: Focuses on internal processes of the mind influencing behavior
  • Biological: Influence of genetics and brain chemistry (physical & biological processes)
  • Sociocultural: Focuses on society and culture in terms of our behavior and shaping cognition
  • Behavioral: Focus on observable behaviors, people/ animals are controlled by their environment, positive/negative consequences
  • Humanistic: Human capacity for choice and growth, motivation for people to fulfill their potential
  • Biopsychosocial: Eclectic (Combining Approach), Links between genetics and environment
  • Be prepared to use the perspectives in the free-response section of the exam.

Key Terms

  • Psychology: Science of behavior and mental processes.
  • Psychology as a Science: Uses empirical evidence and the scientific method.
  • Empirical Evidence: Information from observation or experimentation; "Seeing is believing".
  • Scientific Method: Systematic data gathering and hypothesis testing; "Step-by-step discovery".
  • Confirmation Bias: Favoring information confirming beliefs; "Seeing what you believe".
  • Hindsight Bias: Believing events were predictable after they happened; "I knew it all along".
  • Overconfidence: Overestimating the accuracy of knowledge; "Too sure to be sure".
  • Hypothesis: A testable prediction from a theory; "Educated guess".
  • Falsifiable: Capable of being proven wrong; "Can be challenged".
  • Peer Review: Evaluation by others in the field; "Colleague check-up".
  • Replication: Repeating a study to test findings; "Do it again".
  • Reliability: Consistency of measurement; "Consistently consistent".
  • Validity: Accuracy of a test measuring what it should; "Accurately accurate".
  • American Psychological Association (APA): Leading psychology organization in the US; "Psychology's rule-maker".
  • Quantitative Data: Data that can be quantified and verified; "Numbers tell the tale".
  • Qualitative Data: Descriptive data which can be observed but not measured; "Stories, not statistics".
  • Likert Scales: Scales used to represent people's attitudes to a topic; "Agree to disagree".
  • Structured Interviews: Interviews following a set sequence of questions; "Scripted Q&A".
  • Survey Technique: Research method involving asking questions to gather data; "Ask to know".
  • Wording Effect: Changes in responses caused by word choices in questions; "Words sway".
  • Social Desirability Bias: Tendency to give socially approved answers; "Looking good".
  • Naturalistic Observation: Observing subjects in their natural environment; "Real-world watching".
  • Case Study: Study of a single subject or group in detail; "Focus on one".
  • Correlational Research: Research determining the relationship between variables; "Correlation -relationship "
  • Third Variable Problem: A confounding variable that influences both variables of interest; "Hidden influencer".
  • Correlation Coefficient: Numerical measure of the type and degree of the relationship between two variables; "Relationship strength meter".
  • Positive Correlation: When variables increase or decrease together; "Together upward".
  • Negative Correlation: One variable increases as the other decreases; "Opposite directions".
  • Experimental Method: Manipulating and controlled testing of variables; "Controlled experiment".
  • Independent Variable: Variable manipulated in an experiment; "Cause".
  • Dependent Variable: Variable measured to see the effect of the independent variable; "Effect".
  • Confounding Variable: Variable that might influence the experiment's outcome unexpectedly; "Unseen influencer".
  • Operational Definitions: Clear, precise descriptions of variables; "Define to measure".
  • Experimental Group: The group in an experiment that receives the variable being tested; "Test group".
  • Control Group: The group in an experiment that does not receive the variable being tested; "Comparison group".
  • Random Assignment: Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance; "Fair placement".
  • Placebo Effect: Improvement from the mere expectation of improvement; "Mind over matter".
  • Experimenter Bias: Researchers’ expectations influence the outcome of a study; "Researcher's sway".
  • Measure of Central Tendency: A number that describes the center of a data set (mean, median, mode); "Data center".
  • Mean: Average of a data set; "Average".
  • Median: Middle value in a data set; "Middle value".
  • Mode: Most frequently occurring value in a data set; "Most common".
  • Range: Difference between the highest and lowest values in a data set; "Spread".
  • Normal Curve: Symmetrical, bell-shaped curve describing data distribution; "Bell curve".
  • Regression to the Mean: Extreme scores tend to fall back toward the average; "Average pullback".
  • Positive Skew: More low scores; "Tail on the right".
  • Negative Skew: More high scores; "Tail on the left".
  • Standard Deviation: Variation or dispersion in a set of values; "Spread measure".
  • Percentile Rank: Percentage of scores at or below a given score; "Score standing".
  • Single-Blind Study: Participants do not know their group assignment; "Participants in the dark".
  • Double-Blind Study: Neither participants nor researchers know group assignments; "Everyone's in the dark".
  • Sample: A portion of the population chosen for a study; "Mini population".
  • Representative Sample: Accurately reflects population characteristics; "True reflection".
  • Random Sample: Each member has an equal chance of inclusion; "Chance selection".
  • Sample Bias: Errors leading to non-representative samples; "Skewed sample".
  • Generalizability: Extent to which findings apply to a larger population; "Broadly applicable".
  • Statistics: Data collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation; "Data crunching".
  • Descriptive Statistics: Summarize data from a sample; "Summary stats".
  • Inferential Statistics: Infer the properties of a population; "Beyond the data".
  • Bimodal Distribution: A distribution with two different modes which may appear as distinct peaks; "Two peaks".
  • Statistical Significance: Likelihood that a result is not due to chance; "Beyond chance".
  • Effect Sizes: Measure of the magnitude of the experimental effect; "Impact size".
  • Meta Analysis: Statistically combining results of different studies; "Study of studies".
  • Institutional Review Boards (IRB): Review research to ensure ethical standards; "Ethics watchdogs".
  • Informed Consent: Agreement to participate after being informed of risks and benefits; "Agree with knowledge".
  • Informed Assent:
  • Confidentiality: Keeping private information confidential; "Secrecy promised".
  • Deception: Misleading participants about study purpose; "Necessary illusion".
  • Debriefing: Explaining the study's purposes and methods to participants; "Study reveal".
  • Association Areas: Regions of the cerebral cortex that integrate simpler functions into more complex ones, "Complex processing".
  • Lobes of the Brain: Different regions responsible for specific functions, "Brain's departments".
  • Frontal Lobes: Involved in speaking, muscle movements, and making plans, "Control panel".
  • Prefrontal Cortex: Part of the frontal lobes involved in decision making and cognitive behavior, "Decision maker".
  • Executive Functioning: Higher order thinking processes that include planning, organizing, inhibition, and decision-making, "Brain's CEO".
  • Motor Cortex: Area at the rear of the frontal lobes responsible for voluntary movements, "Movement manager".
  • Parietal Lobes: Located in the upper back area of the skull, responsible for processing sensory information, "Sensation central".
  • Evolutionary Perspective: Emphasizes how natural selection shapes behaviors, "Survival strategy".
  • Natural Selection: Traits enhancing survival are passed on more frequently, "Survival of the fittest".
  • Nature: Influence of genetics on behavior, "Inherited traits".
  • Nurture: Influence of environment on behavior, "Learned behaviors".
  • Twin Studies: Assess genetic and environmental influences using twins, "Comparing twins".
  • Heredity: Passing traits from parents to offspring, "Genetic inheritance".
  • Genetic Predisposition: Increased likelihood of developing a particular disease based on genetics, "Inherited risk".
  • Eugenics: Science of improving a population by controlled breeding, "Selective breeding".
  • Cerebral Cortex: Brain's outer layer for thinking and processing information, "Thought control".
  • Somatosensory Cortex: Processes body touch and movement sensations, "Touch processor".
  • Occipital Lobes: Back part of the brain, for visual processing, "Vision center".
  • Temporal Lobes: Roles in hearing, language, and memory, "Sound and memory".
  • Corpus Callosum: Neural fibers connecting hemispheres, "Brain bridge".
  • Brainstem: Automatic survival functions, "Survival core".
  • Medulla: Controls heartbeat and breathing, "Life control".
  • Reticular Activating System: Essential for arousal and attention, "Alert system".
  • Cerebellum: Coordinates movement and balance, "Movement coordinator".
  • Limbic System: Involved in emotions and drives, "Emotion center".
  • Reward Center: Linked to pleasure, critical in motivation and addiction, "Pleasure zone".
  • Thalamus: Relay station for sensory information, "Information hub".
  • Hypothalamus: Controls metabolic processes, temperature, and emotions, "Regulation central".
  • Pituitary Gland: Master gland of the endocrine system, "Hormone master".
  • Hippocampus: Essential for memory formation, "Memory maker".
  • Amygdala: Linked to emotion, especially fear, "Emotion alarm".
  • Nervous System: Electrochemical communication network, "Communication network".
  • Central Nervous System: Brain and spinal cord, "Control center".
  • Peripheral Nervous System: Connects CNS to the rest of the body, "Outer connections".
  • Autonomic Nervous System: Controls self-regulated actions of internal organs and glands, "Automatic system".
  • Sympathetic Nervous System: Arouses the body in stressful situations, "Fight or flight".
  • Parasympathetic Nervous System: Calms the body, conserving energy, "Rest and digest".
  • Somatic Nervous System: Controls voluntary movements, "Voluntary control".
  • Neurons: Nerve cells for information processing, "Information processors".
  • Glial Cells: Support, nourish, and protect neurons, "Neuron caretakers".
  • Motor Neurons: Carry outgoing information to muscles and glands, "Action messengers".
  • Sensory Neurons: Carry incoming information to the brain and spinal cord, "Sensation reporters".
  • Interneurons: Communicate internally, between sensory inputs and motor outputs, "Middle managers".
  • Reflex Arc: Neural pathway controlling a reflex action, "Automatic response".
  • Neural Transmission: Transferring information from one neuron to another, "Signal transfer".
  • Threshold: Stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse, "Trigger point".
  • Action Potential: Electrical charge traveling down a neuron, "Neural firing".
  • All-or-Nothing Principle: Neuron either fires fully or not at all, "Fire fully or not at all".
  • Depolarization: Sodium rushes into the cell, making the interior more positive, "Charge switch".
  • Refractory Period: Inactivity after a neuron has fired, "Recharge time".
  • Resting Potential: Neuron is ready to fire, "Ready to fire".
  • Reuptake: Neurotransmitters taken back into synaptic vesicles, "Recycle neurotransmitters".
  • Multiple Sclerosis (MS): Immune system attacks myelin sheath in the CNS, "Myelin attacker".
  • Myasthenia Gravis: Autoimmune disorder impairs nerve-muscle communication, "Muscle weakness".
  • Neurotransmitters: Chemicals transmitting information across the synapse, "Chemical messengers".
  • Excitatory Neurotransmitters: Excite the next cell into firing, "Action triggers".
  • Inhibitory Neurotransmitters: Inhibit the next cell from firing, "Action blockers".
  • Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter in information transmission, "Brain activator".
  • GABA: Major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, "Calm inducer".
  • Dopamine: Neurotransmitter associated with movement, attention, learning, and reward, "Reward chemical".
  • Serotonin: Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal, "Mood regulator".
  • Endorphins: Natural pain relievers linked to pleasure, "Pain reliever".
  • Substance P: Involved in pain perception, "Pain messenger".
  • Acetylcholine: Enables learning, memory, and muscle contraction, "Muscle mover".
  • Hormones: Chemical messengers affecting tissues, "Long-distance messengers".
  • Ghrelin: Increases food intake and promotes fat storage, "Hunger hormone".
  • Leptin: Suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure, "Satiety hormone".
  • Melatonin: Regulates sleep and wakefulness, "Sleep regulator".
  • Oxytocin: Causes uterine contractions and milk ejection, "Love hormone".
  • Adrenaline: Released in response to stress, "Fight or flight enhancer".
  • Norepinephrine: Involved in arousal, learning, and mood, "Alertness booster".
  • Plasticity: Brain's ability to change, "Brain adaptability".
  • Electroencephalogram (EEG): Records electrical activity in the brain, "Brainwave tracker".
  • Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI): Measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow, "Brain activity mapper".
  • Lesioning: Damaging brain areas to study their functions, "Targeted damage".
  • Consciousness: Awareness of ourselves and our environment, "Self-awareness".
  • Circadian Rhythm: 24-hour biological clock, "24-hour internal clock".
  • Jet Lag: Disruption of circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones, "Time zone fatigue".
  • Shift Work: Jobs affecting circadian rhythms, "Odd-hour jobs".
  • Split Brain Research: Reveals hemispheric specialization, "Divided brain insights".
  • Contralateral Hemispheric Organization: Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body, "Cross control".
  • Hemispheric Specialization: Distinct neurological functions by left and right hemispheres, "Side-specific functions".
  • Linguistic Processing: Interpretation of language, "Language handling".
  • Broca’s Area: Speech production, "Speech production".
  • Broca’s Aphasia: Impaired speaking, "Broken speech".
  • Wernicke’s Area: Language comprehension and expression, "Understanding words".
  • Wernicke's Aphasia: Difficulty in creating coherent speech, "Jumbled words".
  • Sleep cycle: Every 90-110 Minutes
  • NREM Stage 1: Light sleep, slowed breathing and heart rate, "Light sleep".
  • Hypnagogic Sensations: Sensory phenomena before falling asleep or upon awakening, "Sleep starts".
  • NREM Stage 2: Sleep spindles, bursts of rapid brain activity, "Deeper sleep".
  • NREM Stage 3: Deepest sleep, large, slow delta waves, "Deepest sleep".
  • REM Sleep: Rapid eye movements, high brain activity, dream state, "Dream stage".
  • REM Rebound: Increase in REM sleep after deprivation, "Dream catch-up".
  • Activation-Synthesis: Dreams make sense of random neural activity, "Dream construction".
  • Consolidation Theory: Dreams process and consolidate memories, "Memory solidifier".
  • Psychoactive Drugs: Alter perceptions and moods, "Mind-altering substances".
  • Agonists: Increase neurotransmitter action, "Enhancer".
  • Antagonists: Inhibit neurotransmitter action, "Blocker".
  • Reuptake Inhibitors: Increase neurotransmitter availability, "Availability increaser".
  • Stimulants: Excite neural activity, "Speed up".
  • Caffeine: Mild stimulant, "Energy booster".
  • Cocaine: Powerful stimulant, "Intense stimulant".
  • Depressants: Reduce neural activity, "Slow down".
  • Alcohol: Common relaxant, "Common relaxant".
  • Memory Consolidation: Neural storage of long-term memory, "Memory storage".
  • Restoration of Resources: Sleep allows body repair and rejuvenation, "Body refresh".
  • Insomnia: Difficulty falling or staying asleep, "Sleep struggle".
  • Narcolepsy: Uncontrollable sleep attacks, "Sleep attacks".
  • REM Sleep Behavior Disorder: Acting out dreams, "Dream actor".
  • Sleep Apnea: Temporary breathing cessations, "Breathing pauses".
  • Somnambulism: Sleepwalking, "Sleepwalking".
  • Sleep Cycle Progression: NREM-3 stages shorten and REM stages lengthen later in the night.
  • Hallucinogens: Distort perceptions, "Perception changer".
  • Marijuana: Mixed effects, "Mixed-effect drug".
  • Opioids: Pain relievers, "Pain reliever".
  • Heroin: Addictive painkiller, "Highly addictive painkiller".
  • Tolerance: Diminishing effect with regular use, "Needing more".
  • Addiction: Compulsive craving, "Compulsive need".
  • Withdrawal: Discomfort post-cessation, "Discomfort post-cessation".
  • Synesthesia: Stimulation of one sense triggers another, "Senses crossover".
  • Retina: Light-sensitive inner surface, "Image processor".
  • Blind Spot: Sight gap where the optic nerve leaves the eye, "Sight gap".
  • Visual Nerve: Optic nerve carries neural impulses, "Vision cable".
  • Lens: Focuses images on the retina, "Focus adjuster".
  • Accommodation: Focusing process, "Focusing process".
  • Nearsightedness: Close vision clarity, "Close vision clarity".
  • Sensation: Sensory input, "Sensory input".
  • Transduction: Energy conversion, "Energy conversion".
  • Perception: Interpreting senses, "Interpreting senses".
  • Absolute Threshold: Detection baseline, "Detection baseline".
  • Just-noticeable Difference: Minimal detectable change, "Minimal detectable change".
  • Sensory Adaptation: Getting used to it, "Getting used to it".
  • Weber’s Law: Relative difference, "Relative difference".
  • Farsightedness: Distance vision clarity, "Distance vision clarity".
  • Photoreceptors: Light detectors, "Light detectors".
  • Rods: Low-light helpers, "Low-light helpers".
  • Cones: Color and detail detectors, "Color and detail detectors".
  • Trichromatic Theory: RGB color mixing, "RGB color mixing".
  • Opponent-Process Theory: Color opposites, "Color opposites".
  • Pitch: Tone height, "Tone height".
  • Amplitude: Sound strength, "Sound strength".
  • Loudness: How loud, "How loud".
  • Pitch Perception: Hearing high-low, "Hearing high-low".
  • Place Theory: Pitch place, "Pitch place".
  • Volley Theory: Pulse matching, "Pulse matching".
  • Frequency Theory: Frequency matching, "Frequency matching".
  • Sound Localization: Where's that sound, "Where's that sound".
  • Fovea: Visual focus, "Visual focus".
  • Afterimages: Color ghosts, "Color ghosts".
  • Ganglion Cells: Visual messengers, "Visual messengers".
  • Dichromatism: Limited color vision, "Limited color vision".
  • Monochromatism: All-gray vision, "All-gray vision".
  • Prosopagnosia: Face blindness, "Face blindness".
  • Blindsight: Unseen seeing, "Unseen seeing".
  • Wavelength: Light wave distance, "Light wave distance".
  • Conduction Deafness: Mechanical hearing loss, "Mechanical hearing loss".
  • Sensorineural Deafness: Nerve-related hearing loss, "Nerve-related hearing loss".
  • Olfactory System: Smell system, "Smell system".
  • Thalamus: Sensory director, "Sensory director".
  • Pheromones: Chemical communication, "Chemical communication".
  • Gustation: Tasting, "Tasting".
  • Taste Receptors: Taste detectors, "Taste detectors".
  • Semicircular Canals: Balance loops, "Balance loops".
  • Kinesthesis: Movement sense, "Movement sense".
  • Perception: Reality interpretation, "Reality interpretation".
  • Bottom-up Processing: Details first, "Details first".
  • Top-down Processing: Expectation driven, "Expectation driven".
  • Schema: Mental blueprint, "Mental blueprint".
  • Perceptual Set: Expectation bias, "Expectation bias".
  • Gestalt Psychology: Whole over parts, "Whole over parts".
  • Supertasters: Intense tasters, "Intense tasters".
  • Medium Tasters: Average tasters, "Average tasters".
  • Nontasters: Mild tasters, "Mild tasters".
  • Sensory Interaction: Senses mix, "Senses mix".
  • Warm/Cold Receptors: Temp detectors, "Temp detectors".
  • Pain: Hurt alert, "Hurt alert".
  • Gate Control Theory: Pain gatekeeper, "Pain gatekeeper".
  • Phantom Limb: Missing part feels, "Missing part feels".
  • Vestibular Sense: Balance sense, "Balance sense".
  • Closure: Filling the gaps, "Filling the gaps".
  • Figure and Ground: Focus vs. background, "Focus vs. background".
  • Proximity: Near means together, "Near means together".
  • Similarity: Alike means together, "Alike means together".
  • Attention: Focus spotlight, "Focus spotlight".
  • Selective Attention: Choosing focus, "Choosing focus".
  • Cocktail Party Effect: Focus in noise, "Focus in noise".
  • Inattentional Blindness: Unseen when distracted, "Unseen when distracted".
  • Change Blindness: Unnoticed changes, "Unnoticed changes".
  • Perceptual Constancies: Consistent perception, "Consistent perception".
  • Apparent Movement: Illusion of motion, "Illusion of motion".
  • Prototypes: Best example, "Best example".
  • Schemas: Information folders, "Information folders".
  • Assimilation: Adding to existing, "Adding to existing".
  • Accommodation: Updating framework, "Updating framework".
  • Algorithms: Fail-proof method, "Fail-proof method".
  • Heuristics: Quick guess, "Quick guess".
  • Representativeness Heuristic: Stereotype guess, "Stereotype guess".
  • Binocular Depth Cues: Two-eye depth, "Two-eye depth".
  • Retinal Disparity: Eyes' view difference, "Eyes' view difference".
  • Convergence: Eyes converge, "Eyes converge".
  • Monocular Depth Cues: One-eye depth, "One-eye depth".
  • Relative Clarity: Fuzzy is far, "Fuzzy is far".
  • Relative Size: Smaller is farther, "Smaller is farther".
  • Texture Gradient: Rough close, smooth far, "Rough close, smooth far".
  • Linear Perspective: Lines meet with distance, "Lines meet with distance".
  • Interposition: Blocking view means closer, "Blocking view means closer".
  • Availability Heuristic: Memory-based guess, "Memory-based guess".
  • Mental Set: Fixed approach, "Fixed approach".
  • Priming: Memory trigger, "Memory trigger".
  • Framing: Perspective spin, "Perspective spin".
  • Gambler’s Fallacy: Misguided luck belief, "Misguided luck belief".
  • Sunk-Cost Fallacy: Throwing good after bad, "Throwing good after bad".
  • Divergent Thinking: Out-of-the-box thoughts, "Out-of-the-box thoughts".
  • Convergent Thinking: Narrowing down, "Narrowing down".
  • Standardization: Uniform conditions, "Uniform conditions".
  • Validity: Accuracy of measurement, "Accuracy of measurement".
  • Construct Validity: Theory alignment, "Theory alignment".
  • Predictive Validity: Future behavior predictor, "Future behavior predictor".
  • Reliability: Consistency of scores, "Consistency of scores".
  • Test-Retest Reliability: Score stability, "Score stability".
  • Split-Half Reliability: Internal consistency, "Internal consistency".
  • Functional Fixedness: Limited use view, "Limited use view".
  • Testing Effect: Quiz yourself benefit, "Quiz yourself benefit".
  • Metacognition: Self-reflection on thinking, "Self-reflection on thinking".
  • Intelligence: Problem-solving ability, "Problem-solving ability".
  • g (General Intelligence): Overall intelligence, "Overall intelligence".
  • Multiple Intelligence: Varied talents, "Varied talents".
  • Intelligence Quotient (IQ): Intelligence score, "Intelligence score".
  • Stereotype Threat: Performance anxiety, "Performance anxiety".
  • Stereotype Lift: Encouraged potential, "Encouraged potential".
  • Flynn Effect: IQ score increase, "IQ score increase".
  • Achievement Tests: Knowledge test, "Knowledge test".
  • Aptitude Tests: Potential test, "Potential test".
  • Fixed Mindset: Growth limit belief, "Growth limit belief".
  • Growth Mindset: Growth potential, "Growth potential".
  • Explicit Memory: Conscious memory, "Conscious memory".
  • Central Executive: Control center, "Control center".
  • Phonological Loop: Sound storage, "Sound storage".
  • Visuospatial Sketchpad: Image holder, "Image holder".
  • Multi-store Model: Information flow model, "Information flow model".
  • Sensory Memory: Instant capture, "Instant capture".
  • Iconic Memory: Visual snapshot, "Visual snapshot".
  • Echoic Memory: Sound echo, "Sound echo".
  • Short-Term Memory: Brief storage, "Brief storage".
  • Episodic Memory: Life episodes, "Life episodes".
  • Semantic Memory: Fact storage, "Fact storage".
  • Implicit Memory: Automatic memory, "Automatic memory".
  • Procedural Memory: Skill memory, "Skill memory".
  • Prospective Memory: Future task reminder, "Future task reminder".
  • Long-term Potentiation: Neural enhancement, "Neural enhancement".
  • Working Memory: Active processing zone, "Active processing zone".
    Neurons that fire together wire together
  • Long-Term Memory: Permanent storage, "Permanent storage".
  • Automatic Processing: Effortless entry, "Effortless entry".
  • Effortful Processing: Conscious encoding, "Conscious encoding".
  • Encoding: Memory input, "Memory input".
  • Storage: Information keeper, "Information keeper".
  • Retrieval: Memory access, "Memory access".
  • Levels of Processing Model: Deep processing advantage, "Deep processing advantage".
  • Shallow Encoding: Surface level, "Surface level".
  • Deep Encoding: Meaning level, "Meaning level".
  • Serial Position Effect: Beginning and end recall, "Beginning and end recall".
  • Primacy Effect: First better remembered, "First better remembered".
  • Recency Effect: Last better remembered, "Last better remembered".
  • Maintenance Rehearsal: Repeat to keep, "Repeat to keep".
  • Elaborative Rehearsal: Deeply process, "Deeply process".
  • Memory Retention: Keeping information, "Keeping information".
  • Autobiographical Memory: Personal life history, "Personal life history".
  • Retrograde Amnesia: Lost past memories, "Lost past memories".
  • Anterograde Amnesia: Can't make new memories, "Can't make new memories".
  • Mnemonic Devices: Memory helpers, "Memory helpers".
  • Method of Loci: Memory walk, "Memory walk".
  • Chunking-Grouping: Data bundling, "Data bundling".
  • Categories-Grouping: Logical sorting, "Logical sorting".
  • Hierarchies-Grouping: Structured layers, "Structured layers".
  • Spacing Effect: Spread learning, "Spread learning".
  • Memory Consolidation: Memory stabilization, "Memory stabilization".
  • Massed Practice: Cramming, "Cramming".
  • Distributed Practice: Spaced learning, "Spaced learning".
  • Alzheimer’s Disease: Progressive memory loss, "Progressive memory loss".
  • Infantile Amnesia: Early childhood memory gap, "Early childhood memory gap".
  • Retrieval: Accessing stored data, "Accessing stored data".
  • Recall: Retrieve from memory, "Retrieve from memory".
  • Recognition: Identify known information, "Identify known information".
  • Retrieval Cues: Memory triggers, "Memory triggers".
  • Context-dependent Memory: Environment-linked memory, "Environment-linked memory".
  • Mood-congruent Memory: Mood matches memory, "Mood matches memory".
  • Misinformation Effect: Altered memory, "Altered memory".
  • Source Amnesia: Forgotten origin, "Forgotten origin".
  • Constructive Memory: Memory with gaps filled, "Memory with gaps filled".
  • Memory Consolidation: Strengthening memory, "Strengthening memory".
  • Imagination Inflation: False memory boost, "False memory boost".
  • Behavioral Perspective: Behavior modification focus, "Behavior modification focus".
  • State-dependent Memory: Mindset-linked memory, "Mindset-linked memory".
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