ORGANELLES

NUCLEUS

Contains genetic information and controls cell activity.

PARTS

Nucleolus: Synthesises ribosomal RNA and assembles the ribosomes.

Nuclear envelope: Controls the movement of substances between the cytoplasm and the nucleus using nuclear pores. Made of cisternae and continuous with the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum.

Nuclear pores: Gaps in the Nuclear Envelope that allow substances to move through.

Chromatin: Collective name for chromosomes. Hold DNA.

Nucleoplasm: Granular, jelly-like substance inside the nucleus.


MITOCHONDRION

Site of aerobic respiration, which generates energy/ATP.

PARTS

DNA: Carries genetic material.

Ribosomes: Protein synthesis.

Matrix: Mitochondrial cytoplasm.

Intermembrane space:The area between the outer and inner membrane (cristae)

Double membrane: Controls movement of substances between the cytoplasm and matrix.

Cristae: Name for the inner membrane. Invaginations create a large surface area to volume ratio.


ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (RER)

Site of protein synthesis and transport to other organelles, often through the use of vesicles.

Continuous with the outer nuclear envelope.

PARTS

Ribosomes: Defining feature between RER and SER. Ribosomes attach to its surface during protein synthesis.

Cisternae: Make up the structure. Provide a large surface area for the synthesis of proteins.


SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (SER)

Synthesises, stores, and transports lipids and carbohydrates.

Lacks ribosomes on its surface. Made of tubules, which provide a large surface to volume ratio.


GOLGI APPARATUS

  • Make glycoproteins by adding carbohydrates to proteins.

  • Involved in the synthesis, transport and storage of enzymes, carbohydrates and lipids.

  • Form lysosomes.

PARTS

Cisterna: Make up the structure. Provide large surface area to volume ratio.

Vesicles: Transports substances to cell surface membrane or to other organelles. Can form lysosomes.


LYSOSOMES

  • Destroy pathogens engulfed via phagocytosis

  • Destroy damaged cells

  • Carry out apoptosis

  • Contain proteins that catalyse the hydrolysis of bacteria cell walls


CENTRIOLES

  • Produce the spindle apparatus which is used to separate chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis.

  • Made of microtubules.


RIBOSOMES

80S and 70S ribosomes.

  • 80S are larger. Found in eukaryotic cells.

  • 70S are smaller. Found in prokaryotic cells, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.

Made of a mix of ribosomal RNA and protein.

Each ribosome has a large submit and small submit which come together with mRNA to form functional ribosome.


CELL WALL

Provides strength to the cell. Prevents it from bursting during osmosis and allows water to move in and out.

PARTS

Middle lamella: At the boundary to adjacent cells to cement them together.

Pectin:

Hemicellulose:

Cellulose microfibril: