Revised ABT Unit 1 Part 1
Page 1: Animal Biotechnology
Introduction to Animal Biotechnology: unit-l [part 1]
Page 2: Definition of Animal Biotechnology
Animal Biotechnology: Application of scientific and engineering principles in the processing or production of materials by animals.
Goods and services provided to humankind.
Includes livestock, poultry, fish, insects, companion animals, and laboratory animals.
Page 3: Technologies in Animal Biotechnology
Key Technologies:
Transgenic technology
Gene knockout technology
Molecular genetics
Embryo transfer technique
In vitro embryo production
Modern vaccines
Molecular diagnostics
Nutritional biotechnology
Overview of applications of animal biotechnology.
Page 4: Understanding Breeds
Breed: A specific group of domestic animals with homogeneous phenotype, behavior, and other characteristics.
Distinctions are made from other organisms of the same species.
Produced by selective breeding to enhance distinctive characteristics.
Page 5: Examples of Cattle & Sheep Breeds
Exotic Breeds:
Angus
Australian Charbray
Chianina
Indigenous Breeds:
Ankole
Jersey
Boer (Sheep)
Tharparkar, Red Sindhi, Sahiwal, Gir, Ongole, Kangeyam, Vechur, Thalichery (Sheep).
Page 6: Examples of Dog & Poultry Breeds
Dog Breeds:
Kombai
Rajapalayam
Kaikadi
Gaddi kuta
German shepherd, Golden Retriever, Boxer, Great Dane.
Poultry Breeds:
Aseel
Chittagong
Kadaknath, Busra, Brahma, Java, Leghorn, Styrian, Red cap.
Page 7: What is a Species?
Species: Basic unit of classification and taxonomic rank of organisms.
Largest group of organisms that can produce fertile offspring.
Gene flow is a characteristic feature; it does not occur among different species.
Speciation: Emergence of new species through physical, behavioral, and reproductive isolation.
Page 8: Animal Breeding Overview
Animal Breeding: Branch of animal science evaluating genetic value.
Selection based on traits like growth rate, egg, meat, milk, or wool production.
Aim to improve beneficial qualities to suit human needs.
Page 9: Breeding Stock
Breeding Stock: Group of animals for planned breeding to gain valuable traits.
Criteria for cattle breeding include soundness, high productivity, and reproductive efficiency.
Environmental factors are crucial in stock selection.
Page 10: Breeding and Variation
Sources of Variation: Genetics and environment.
Selective breeding can lead to homozygosity and loss of variability.
Environmental variations can significantly impact growth and productivity.
Example: 30% of milk production variance is genetic; the rest is environmental.
Page 11: Purebred Breeding
Purebred Breeding: Mating animals of the same breed to maintain stable traits.
Opposite of mating different breeds.
Recorded with a breed registry to maintain pedigrees.
Page 12: Methods of Breeding
Natural Mating: Mating by natural means.
Artificial Insemination (AI): Collection and introduction of semen into the female’s reproductive organs.
Page 13: Inbreeding
Inbreeding: Mating of related animals, narrowing genetic diversity.
Concentrates desirable traits but can be detrimental.
Page 14: Types of Inbreeding
Close Breeding: Extensively related animals.
Examples: Sire to daughter, brother to sister.
Line Breeding: More distantly related animals.
Examples: Cousins, half-brothers.
Page 15: Disadvantages of Inbreeding
Increased inbreeding may lead to:
Reduced fertility
Slower growth rates
Greater disease susceptibility
Higher mortality rates.
Page 16: Outbreeding
Outbreeding: Breeding of unrelated animals increases heterozygosity.
Types:
Crossbreeding: Mating of different breeds for complementary traits (hybrid vigor).
Page 17: Objectives of Cross Breeding
Utilize desirable traits from multiple breeds.
Produce progeny suited for target markets and improve productivity in slow-changing traits.
Achieve heterosis (hybrid vigor) benefits.
Page 18: Advantages of Heterosis
Increased productivity from crossing genetically diverse breeds.
Economic advantages through superior offspring production levels.
Page 19: Two Breed Cross System
Produces first cross (F1) progeny to be sold for commercial breeding or slaughter.
Optimal for using well-adapted females of a specific breed crossed with another breed.
Page 20: Characteristics of Two Breed Cross
Two purebreds (A and B) create progeny (AB) with equal genetic input.
Page 21: Backcross Method
In backcross, F1 crossbred progeny mated with one of the parental breeds for maternal trait development (like fertility).
Page 22: Backcross Characteristics
All females from a two-breed cross mated to a purebred bull of one parental breed.
Page 23: Three Breed Cross
Requires three distinct breeds to maximize productivity through both maternal and individual heterosis.
Page 24: Execution of Three Breed Cross
Females from a two breed cross mated with a third, unrelated breed.
Page 25: Rotational Cross Breeding
Involves mating males from multiple breeds to crossbred females over years, enhancing breed strengths.
Page 26: Results of Rotation Breeding
Reaches an equilibrium of breed contributions for enhanced heterosis.
Page 27: Composite Breeding
Development of new composite breeds from crossing existing breeds.
Easier management post-initial crosses.
Page 28: Composite Breeding Example
Methodology for breeding various breeds to maintain desired genetic traits.
Page 29: Grading Up
Breeding animals of different breeds continuously to improve traits with purebred sires.
Almost purebred traits can be achieved by the fifth generation.
Page 30: Grading Up Visualization
Pure lines mapping from indigenous to improved breeds over generations.
Page 31: Genetic Composition Changes
Progress seen in offspring nearing 100% improved breed with each generation.
Page 32: Chromosome Mapping
Identification of important genes in farm animals.
Page 33: Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL)
Definition: Loci that influence quantitative traits (e.g., milk production).
Can be a single or multiple genes affecting the trait.
Page 34: Features of QTL
Multiple genes affect traits; environmental factors can also play a role.
Individual gene effects tend to be small, leading to variations.
Page 35: Goals of QTL Mapping
Identify genomic regions affecting specific traits.
Analyze QTL effects and gene action.
Page 36: Genetic Markers
Observable traits used for assessing genetic variability.
Classified based on physical traits, gene products, and DNA analysis.
Page 37: Ideal DNA Markers
Characteristics: High polymorphism, distinct patterns, cost-effective, and efficient detection.
Page 38: Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS)
Indirectly selects superior breeding animals by identifying marker-linked QTL.
Page 39: Objectives of MAS
Used for genetic defect testing and identifying quantitative traits like milk production.
Page 40: Traits Identified by MAS
Includes growth performance, milk production, fertility, and identification of inherited defects.
Page 41: Bovine Genome Characteristics
Cattle genomes consist of 30 chromosome pairs, sharing 83% similarity with humans.
Page 42: Chromosome Trait Associations
Specific chromosomes associated with traits like birth weight, tenderness, ovulation rates, and carcass weight.
Page 43: Applications of Marker-Assisted Selection
Enhancing disease resistance, product quality, and improving animal behavior.
Page 44: Classifications of Molecular Markers
Types: Non-PCR based markers like RFLPs, and PCR-based markers including RAPDs, SSRs.
Page 45: RFLP Technology
Developed by Botstein, utilizing synthetic probes to observe DNA structure differences.
Page 46: RFLP Analysis Methodology
Steps include DNA preparation, electrophoresis, and hybridization for band pattern analysis.
Page 47: RFLP Variability and Uses
Variability assessed at mutation sites, aiding in genetic mapping and diagnostics.
Page 48: RAPD Technology
Utilizes in-vitro amplification to enhance detection of unknown DNA loci efficiently.
Page 49: Example of RAPD Technique
Depicts the PCR amplification of various DNA fragments with visual results on a gel.
Page 50: Applications and Advantages of RAPD
Quick, cost-effective, and used widely in phylogenetic and taxonomic studies.
Page 51: Microsatellites Overview
Two to six-nucleotide repeats widely found in genomes, used for genetic characterization.
Page 52: Variability in Microsatellites
High mutation rates lead to allelic length variability, detectable through PCR.
Page 53: Microsatellite Detection Techniques
Utilizes advanced methods such as electrophoresis and mass spectrometry for size determination.
Page 54: AFLP Technique Description
Produces multi-locus fingerprints through nucleotide insertions and deletions.
Page 55: AFLP Method Steps
Each step detailed from digestion to amplification of genomic DNA for fragment analysis.
Page 56: AFLP Application focuses
Efficiently used in identifying polymorphisms and in molecular epidemiological studies.
Page 57: Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)
Substitutions of single nucleotides representing significant genetic variation.
Page 58: Reasons for SNP Importance
Stability, prevalence, and suitability for high-throughput analysis in genetic studies.
Page 59: Comparison of Molecular Markers
Overview of various markers like RFLP, Microsatellite, SNPs how they differ in applications.
Page 60: DNA Fingerprinting in Animals
Essential for individual identification and tracking in breeding programs.
Page 61: Control of Genetic Relationships with DNA Fingerprinting
Evaluates genetic make-up in poultry for breeding programs.
Page 62: Genes Influencing Milk Production
Lists genes such as ZNF232, ACACA, PRL, and related functions on their chromosomes.
Page 63: Genes for Milk Composition
Overview of key genes influencing milk composition, their functions, and chromosome locations.
Page 64: Genes for Reproductive Traits
Lists genes with functions related to fertility and reproductive success in breeding.
Page 65: Genes for Environmental Adaptation
Details genes enhancing adaptability to various ecological conditions.