Memory and Cognition - APSY101

Chapter 8: Memory and Cognition

Key Definitions

  • Memory: The ability to store and retrieve information over time.

  • Cognition: The processes involved in acquiring and using knowledge.

Learning Objectives

  1. Explicit vs. Implicit Memory:

    • Cs of Memory

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  • Explicit Memory: Requires conscious awareness and can be divided into:

    • Semantic Memory: Knowledge of facts and general knowledge.

    • Episodic Memory: Personal experiences.

  • ompare and contrast the features that define each.

  1. Iconic and Echoic Memories:

    • Explain the function and duration of both types.

  2. Short-Term Memory Capacities:

    • Summarize the functioning of short-term memory and the role of working memory in processing information.

Type

  • Implicit Memory: Does not require conscious awareness and includes:

    • Procedural Memory: Knowledge of how to perform tasks.

    • Priming: Influences on behavior based on prior experiences.

Stages of Memory

  1. Sensory Memory: Brief storage of sensory information (less than a few seconds).

  2. Short-Term Memory: Holds small amounts of information (15-30 seconds).

  3. Long-Term Memory: Stores information for extended periods (days to years).

Memory Processes

  • Encoding: Transformation of information into a form usable by the brain.

  • Storage: Retaining encoded information over time.

  • Retrieval: Accessing stored information when necessary.

Explicit Memory Assessed

  • Recall Memory Test: Recalling information previously learned.

  • Recognition Memory Test: Identifying previously encountered information.

  • Relearning (Savings): Assessing how quickly information is learned again after being forgotten.

Types of Implicit Memory

  • Procedural Memory: Knowledge of how to perform tasks without conscious effort.

  • Priming: Increased identification of objects or words due to previous exposure.

  • Classical Conditioning: Learning associations between neutral stimuli and unconditioned stimuli, leading to a conditioned response.

Sensory Memory Specifics

  • Iconic Memory: Visual sensory memory with high capacity but short duration (like a photographic image).

  • Echoic Memory: Auditory sensory memory lasting up to four seconds, retaining sounds heard.

Short-Term Memory Details

  • Function: Maintains information for processing (15-30 seconds).

  • Working Memory: The cognitive processes used to manipulate information in short-term memory, facilitated by the Central Executive.

  • Capacity:

    • Auditory STM: ~7 items (average capacity).

    • Visual STM: ~4 items.

  • Forgetting Factors:

    • Decay: Information fades over time.

    • Interference: New information displaces old information.

Best Practices for Retaining Information

  • Maintenance Rehearsal: Repeating information to keep it in mind.

  • Chunking: Organizing information into easily manageable units or groups.

  • Spaced Practice: Distributing study sessions over time improves retention (Spacing Effect).

  • Overlearning: Continuing to study beyond initial mastery enhances memory.

Helpful Memory Techniques

  • Elaborative Encoding: Process information deeply by relating it to known information.

  • Self-Reference Effect: Improve recall by relating material to personal experiences.

  • Multiple Encoding Formats: Use various methods to enhance retrieval paths.

  • Testing Effect: Self-testing boosts retention more effectively than additional studying.