HISTORY FINAL

TALE OF 2 CITIES

Themes

• resurrection

  • society brought back to life

  • Manette was thought to be dead

  • Carton was given another chance after a treason trial and died for Darnay and Lucie

• fate

  • one of Lucie and Darnay’s kids dying → predicting one of their deaths/danger

• sacrifice

  • Manette’s shoe bench for Lucie

  • Carton for Darnay and Lucie

• doubles

  • Carton and Darnay → look alike

  • Marquis and Darnay → same person

  • Miss Pross and The Vengeance → both trying to get revenge

FRENCH REVOLUTION

1789

a reign of terror

“liberty, equality, fraternity”

nobility wanted greater political influence and nothing for the common ppl

bankrupt French gov’t → treasury spent by clergy and nobility → king tries to resolve this by removing some of the nobility’s tax exemptions → Parliament (controlled by nobility) blocked king’s move → meeting of the estates voted to not separate until constitution was made with a firm foundation → king found out and tried to stop this but commoners refused → king ordered nobility and clergy to join National Assembly

National Assembly

• legislative body est. 1791

• created Declaration of the Rights of Man

  • men have qual rights under the law

  • inspired by Declaration of Independence

  • granted freedom of religion

  • “life, liberty, fraternity”

1812 → French had invaded Russia → no consequences

goals of French Revolution

• poor ppl wanted freedom from gov’t, power, and a voice → king, nobles, and church had all the power

significance

• French flag created by Marquis de Lafayette

• no constitutional monarchy

• king (Louis XVI) was beheaded which ended revolution

• guillotine was invented

• mass death

• doing away with what church is

• Marie Antoinette executed → “let them eat cake”

NAPOLEON

short French guy

1768-1821

brilliant military strategist

born in Corsica

crowns himself emperor in 1804 by taking crown out of Pope’s hands → crowns wife Josephine as well

thought Josephine couldn't have kids → divorce → marries 19 y/o Austrian princess

accomplishments

• built largest European Empire since Rome

• sold Louisiana territory in 1803 to US for 15 mill

• set up fair tax code

• hires gov’t officials based on merit

• created public schools for all

• Napolonic code

• restores Catholicism in France

• Nationalism spread throughout Europe

• almost taking over all of Mainland Europe

defeated in Waterloo, Belgium

could not take over Russia → immense consequences → The Long March (Moscow Retreat) in 1812

exiled 1st in Elba

died as emperor

CONGRESS OF VIENNA

9/1/1814 - 6/9/1815

host - Khemens

dominant figure - Talleyrand

no US representative

after math of French Revolution

did not promote nationalism

goals

• main goal - maintain stability

• prevents acts of future aggression

• restore balance of power

• “turn back the clock” - monarchy, church, past society, forget French Revolution

• no country left bearing a grudge

• peace throughout Europe

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

changed the way people worked

power-driven machinery was developed

• flying shuttle

  • hand operated

  • wove cloth quickly

  • John Kay

• spinning jenny

  • 1 person could spin 16 threads at once

  • James Hargreaves

• water frame

  • fast water powered spinner

  • Richard Arkwright

• spinning mule

  • fastest invention

  • produced most thread

  • Samuel Crompton

started in Europe

Africa impacted the most

new colonies were good markets

significant factor - agricultural revolution

agriculture saw earliest and most profound change

coal powered the factories

mass production

capitalism came out of it

increased population in cities

peasants benefited

cons

• poor working conditions

• child labor

• pollution

IMPERIALISM

peak - 1800s/19th century

England led way for maritime exploration in early imperialism

Africa → main target → England had the most

European countries wanted to colonize Africa

economic change

• inflation

• ppl getting paid/resources

• more markets

• pirates (wouldn’t give money to gov’t)

• privateers (would give money to gov’t)

Caribbean held by Spain

primary export → African slaves

South East Asia - mostly held by England

primary purpose of opium - gain control of China

political change

• tribal leaders in Africa replaced by European gov’t

social change

• rapid population growth

culture change

• other religions

• “white man’s burden'“ (European countries were believed to have the authority to take over poor countries → struggle to bring people up in European society → seemed to be a burden to the Europeans)

Berlin Conference

• split up (partition) Africa to different countries

• Africa was the only one not present

COLONIALISM

more land, money, power, and influence

biggest colonizers were France, Spain, and England

SLAUGHTER ON SPION KOP

1899 - British troops pouring into Southern Africa → attempting to take land from Boers

January 1900 - 2000 troops scampering up a hill (kopje) known as the spion (look out) → plan was to fire down on Boers → Boers’ fire was higher than the Spion Kop and exposed troops → troops could not make a deep trench

war correspondent for the Morning Post, Winston Churchill, bravely made his way to the hills

Mohandas Gandhi helped the injured

troops evacuated → had not received crucial message that weapons were on the way → could have won the fight if they had stayed because Boers were week and low on ammunition

322 troops died, 563 injured

many teams/clubs (specifically from Liverpool) have shown memorial to the Spion Kop and the men who did not return

THE SACRIFICE OF CAPTAIN OATES

Lawrence Oates on Antarctic expedition, which he donated much money to

nickname: “The Soldier”

cared for ponies which the British were relying on to carry resources

someone bought horses in poor condition

Ronald Amundsen from Norway is racing the British there

Norway using dogs as transportation and food

Captain Robert Scott thought that killing animals to eat was inhumane → Oates disagreed and suggested to kill the weakest of the ponies

Oates and Scott don’t like each other

Norway had beaten them by a month

4 man team left → Oates had a limp and holding them back (wound and frostbite) → took 2 hours to put on his boots

March 11 → Scott gave 30 opium tablets (a suicide dose) to each man → Oates didn't take it

March 17 → Oates hoped not to wake one morning but did → went out to the blizzard and never seen again → others dies 2 weeks after

EDITH CAVELL

English, French, and Belgians fighting with Germans

some lucky enough to find nurse training school run by Edith Cavell

treated soldiers very well and cared for them

strict

Germans said they would kill anyone who helped enemy soldiers → she helped anyway

one of her contacts was arrested and failed to dispose of Edith’s letters → Germans went to hospital that night → she declined to lie → shot while blindfolded

SHEFFIELD PALS

men who enlisted together could serve together

military service was not required in Britain → believed volunteers had more heart

“Your Country Needs You!”

could not make it through No Man’s Land