PA 4 Vocab - Society & Social Interactions

society - a group of people who live in a definable community and share the same culture

hunter-gatherer societies - strong dependence on the environment, based around kinship or tribes, hunt and forage, nomadic

pastoral societies - livestock, nomadic, trade, specialized occupations

horticultural societies - crops, permanent settlements, basis for the 1st revolution in human survival

agricultural societies - 3000 B.C.E. Agricultural Revolution, farmers & craftspeople, towns & cities, "dawn of civilization," resource competition

feudal societies - hierarchy based on land ownership and protection

industrial societies - Industrial Revolution, birth of sociology, urban, capitalism, factory jobs, diverse population, production of material goods

information societies/postindustrial societies - production of information and services, digital technology, social classes divided by access to education

collective conscience - the communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes, of a society

social integration - the strength of ties that people have to their social groups

mechanical solidarity - a type of social order maintained by the collective conscience, NPCs, preindustrial

organic solidarity - social order based around acceptance of economic and social differences, industrial

anomie - when a society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness, "without law"

bourgeoisie - owners of the means of production

proletariat - laborers

capitalism - the things used to make and transport products are owned by individual people and companies rather than by the government

alienation - when an individual is isolated and divorced from his or her society, work , or the sense of self

false consciousness - condition in which the beliefs, ideals, or ideology of a person are not in the person's own best interest

class consciousness - awareness of one's rank in society

rationalization - a rational society is built around logic and efficiency rather than morality and tradition

the iron cage - when the individual is trapped by institutions and bureaucracy

habitualization - any action that is repeated frequently becomes cast into a pattern which can then be performed again in the future in the same manner; society is habit

institutionalization - the act of implanting a convention or norm into society

Thomas theorem - if men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences

self-fulfilling prophecy - when people believe a false idea to the extent that it is true

roles - the behavior expected of a person holding a certain status

status - rank in social hierarchy

1. ascribed status - those that cannot be selected

2. achieved status - obtained by choice

role-set - array of roles

role strain - when too much is required of a single role

role conflict - one or more roles are contradictory

role performance - how a person expresses their role

looking-glass self - we base our image on what we think other people see