THE VARIOUS CASES IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

First Case: The Site of the First Mass

Important Dates

• March 31, 1521, Easter Sunday = day of the First Mass

• March 28 - April 4, 1521 = date of Magellan's stay in the then-unnamed Philippines

• 1324 = year when Fr. Odorico reached Bolinao, Pangasinan after a storm

Important People

• Pedro de Valderrama - priest who celebrated the Mass

• Antonio Pigafetta - Magellan's chronicler; important source of circumnavigation

• Ferdinand Magellan - Portuguese explorer sponsored by Spain to circumnavigate the world in search

of alternative routes to Moluccas

• Jacques N. Bellin - French cartographer who copied Fr. Murillo's chart in 1734; used by Amoretti in his

translations

• Pedro Murillo Velarde - priest whose cartography skills have been replicated by others due to its beauty

and detail during his tenure

• Gines de Mafra - the only member of the Armada to have successfully revisited Mazaua

• Giovanni Battista Ramusio - Italian scholar who misattributed Gatighan with Mazaua, and named the

port where the Armada left as Buthuan

• Carlo Amoretti - Italian scholar famous for making bold claims in his translations; responsible for several

blunders known today, such as naming Ramusio's Mazaua as Limasawa

• Francisco Colin - priest who gave the name of Dimasaua to Ramusio's Mazaua, eventually misread and

misattributed by Amoretti as Limasawa

• Francisco Combes - priest who wrote Historia de las Islas de Mindanao, Jolo, y sus adyacentes (History

of the Mindanao Islands, Jolo, and their adjacent); used several sources to determine that Buthuan was

the port where Magellan left (as dictated by Ramusio)

• Odoric of Pordenone - Italian priest who came earlier than Magellan, and celebrated the First Mass himself

Important Locations

• "Mazaua" - the location Pigafetta noted to where they have landed and celebrated the Mass, located at

9° 40' North of equator (Pigafetta), 9° 20' North (Albo), 9° North (Genoese Pilot)

• "Gatighan" - the historically "lost" island Pigafetta allegedly mentioned in his Armada de Molucca (i.e.

his journal), where the Armada (i.e. Magellan's group) traversed after leaving Mazaua on April 4, 1521

• Dimasawa (Dimasaua or Dimazaua) - name proposed by Fr. Colin to denote that Ramusio's Mazaua

was wrong

• Limasawa (historically, Limasaua) - island in southern Leyte officially recognized as the Site of the First

Mass, located at 9° 56' North, name was invented due to the other chroniclers never wrote it in their

journals/maps

• Masao, Butuan - city in Agusan del Norte where they contested Limasawa's claim

• Bolinao - city in Pangasinan where the earliest Mass has been celebrated (1324)

Second Case: The Cavite Mutiny

Important Dates

• January 20, 1872 - date when the Cavite Mutiny began

• January 27, 1872 - Izquierdo approved the detah sentence of the mutineers

• February 17, 1872 - the day the GomBurZa were executed on Bagumbayan

Important People

• Carlos Maria de la Torre y Navacerrada - governor-general of the Philippines who was welcomed by

the Filipinos due to his openness and liberal thinking; had a liberal-thinking mistress, but was left

childless

• Rafael Geronimo Cayetano Izquierdo y Gutierrez - governor-general of the Philippines who assumed

position after de la Torre resigned; submitted a biased report to the Spanish Government about the

events of the Cavite Mutiny, as persuaded by Montero

• Jose Montero y Vidal - Spanish historian who wrote the book Historia General de Filipinas as the

Spanish version of Cavite Mutiny of 1872; narrated the Cavite episode and speaks as a Spaniard bet

on perverting the facts at his pleasure and is mischievously partial; exaggerated the mutiny of a few disgruntled native soldiers and laborers into a revolt to overthrow the Spanish rule despite of unsupported by documentary evidence

• Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera - Filipino doctor who submitted a version of the Cavite Mutiny who aimed for a fairer treatment of the case

• The Seculars - Filipino priests who openly remarked on fairer treatment of localized priesthood against

the Regulars (i.e. the Six Religious Orders)

o Jose Burgos - the youngest of the three martyrs of GomBurZa

o Mariano Gomez - the oldest of the GomBurZa

o Jacinto Zamora - the priest who went mad with grief over his execution; believed by many to

be a victim of mistaken identity

o Jose Zamora - priest said to openly fight the friars, and the one who was in the Wanted list of

the Guardia Civil (labeled as J. Zamora)

• Fernando La Madrid - Spanish mestizo who declared the small uprising in Cavite

• Jaerel Brent Pedro - La Madrid's second-in-command

• Felipe Ginoves - Spanish official who led the capture of the mutineers in Cavite

• Francisco Zaldua (sometimes as Saldua) - Filipino who stood as witness for the friars, believing that he would be protected; the first to be executed before the GomBurZa

Important Locations

• Sampaloc, Manila - the place where the feast of La Nuestra Señora de Loreto (Our Lady of Loreto),

whose fireworks display were mistaken by La Madrid as a signal for Manila's cooperation with his uprising

• Fort San Felipe, Cavite - site of the mutiny

Third Case: Jose Rizal's Retraction

Important Dates

• May 18, 1935 - the day Fr. Garcia discovered the "original" text of Rizal's retraction

• December 30, 1896 - Rizal's execution at Bagumbayan

Important People

• Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda - the National Hero; an ilustrado who sought for

reformations in the Spanish rule

• Josephine Bracken - Rizal's estranged wife

• Vicente Balaguer - priest who urged Rizal to retract his statements for his safety

• Manuel Garcia - archivist who found Rizal's "original" letter containing his retraction statement

• The Witnesses - Filipino witnesses who stood by Rizal during his composition of his retraction

o Mariano Martinez Gallegos - former lieutenant of the Infantry

o Juan del Fresno

o Eloy Moure

Fourth Case: The Katipunan's Cry

Important Dates

• August 23, 1896 - the date of the Cry according to Valenzuela's second account

• August 24, 1896 - the date of the Cry according to Alvarez's account

• August 25, 1896 - the date of the Cry according to Oriang's and Diaz's accounts

• August 26, 1896 - the date of the Cry according to Valenzuela's first account and Masangkay's account

Important People

• Gov. Gen. Ramon Blanco - granted amnesty to the revolutionists

• The Katipunan (Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galangan, Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan) - the

revolutionary group who openly opposed Spanish rule and sought to overthrow it

o Andres Bonifacio

Hobbies include hat weaving

Always wears an open coat and dress shirt with tie

o Procopio Bonifacio

o Emilio Jacinto – died of malaria

o Teodoro Plata

o Aguedo del Rosario

o Briccio Pantas

o Alejandro Santiago

o Ramon Bernardo

o Enrique Cipriano

o Alfonso Pacheco

o Tomas Remigio

o Sinforoso San Pedro

o Francisco Carreon

o Apolonio Samson - the Katipunero who offered his lodging as temporary meeting place

o Juan Ramos - the son of Melchora Aquino

o Melchora Aquino - the old woman who was a strong supporter of the Katipunan; interrogated

by the Guardia Civil to no avail; deported to Guam

o Guillermo Masangkay - a general of the Katipunan who was Bonifacio's childhood friend

o Santiago Alvarez - Andres Bonifacio's best friend, who diligently wrote down his version of

Bonifacio's life; not an eyewitness to the Cry itself

o Gregoria de Jesus (aka Oriang) - wife of the Supremo, and Alvarez's relative, who wrote her own version of the Cry, which happened "somewhere in Caloocan"

o Dr. Pio Valenzuela - a Katipunan member who wrote two (2) testimonials regarding the location and day of the Katipunan's rebellion (due to senescence) Version 1 stated that the Katipunan's Cry happened at Balintawak on August 26, 1896 Version 2 stated that the Katipunan's Cry happened at Pugad Lawin on August 23,

1896

• Olegario Diaz - Spanish Guardia Civil who made his version of the Grito de Balintawak based on his

incident report

• Isabelo delos Reyes - writer and founder of the Aglipayan Church, wrote his own version of the Katipunan's Cry

Important Locations

• Balintawak (stylized as Balintanac in one report) - the first location where the Katipunan held their meeting; located in present-day Caloocan divided by Quezon City into two (2) portions

• Bahay Toro - the location Alvarez mentioned where the meeting took place, in which the Katipuneros cheered at noontime; currently a barangay in Quezon City

• Samson residence - the meeting place of the Katipunan according to Masangkay