Citations Notes

Objectives

Why citing sources is important

  • Give credit to original sources to avoid plagiarism.

  • Promote scholarly writing by attributing ideas to their sources.

  • Help readers locate and verify original sources.

Citation styles and what they cover

  • APA (American Psychological Association): Psychology, education, social sciences.

  • MLA (Modern Language Association): Literature, arts, humanities.

  • IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers): Engineering.

  • AMA (American Medical Association): Medicine and health sciences.

  • Chicago/Turabian: Reference books, non-academic periodicals.

Forms of citations

  • In-text citation: brief source reference within the text.

    • Example (Author, Year).

  • Reference (works cited/bibliography): full bibliographic entry.

    • Examples include books, journal articles, etc.

  • Both forms should be consistent; in-text entry should appear in the reference list.

In-text citation basics (APA/MLA guidance)

  • APA 6th Edition basics: see pp. 169-179 for detailed rules.

  • MLA Handbook 7th Edition guidance (Chapter 6) and MLA Style Manual (Chapter 7).

Author situations and how to cite

  • Single author

    • In-text: Role-play can help children learn techniques for coping with bullying (Kraiser, 2011).

    • Variants show year after author or after author name in signal phrase.

  • Two authors

    • In-text: Role-play can help children learn techniques for coping with bullying (Kraiser & Dwight, 2011).

    • Alternate forms: Kraiser and Dwight (1998) found …

  • Three to five authors

    • First citation: (Sanchez, Kraiser, & Dwight, 2011).

    • Subsequent: Sanchez et al. (1998) found …

  • Six or seven authors

    • Use first author's name followed by et al. in signal phrase or parentheses: (Kraiser et al., 54).

  • More than seven authors

    • Use first author’s name followed by et al. (Kraiser, Dwight, Beat, and Enriquez, 54) or et al. depending on style guide.

Group author and unknown/no author

  • Group author (organization/government agency):

    • First citation: (American Psychological Association [APA], 2000).

    • Subsequent: (APA, 2000).

  • Unknown author / no author

    • Use title in signal phrase or first few words in parentheses.

    • Titles of books/articles: italics for books, quotation marks for articles; use shortened title if needed.

  • Anonymous author

    • Treat as author; In text: (Anonymous, 2001). In reference list: Anonymous as the author.

Quoting and paraphrasing

  • Direct quotes under 40 words

    • Enclose in double quotation marks; include page numbers in parentheses as needed.

    • Example: …"the listener's familiarity with the topic of discourse greatly facilitates the interpretation of the entire message" (Gass, 1984, p. 85).

  • Direct quotes of 40 words or more

    • Start on a new line with a half-inch (\frac{1}{2} inch) indent; no quotation marks; place citation after the period.

    • Block quote example: … (Jones, 1998, p. 199).

  • Paraphrase and summaries

    • APA encourages including page numbers but not required; citation still required.

  • qtd. in (secondary source)

    • Cite the original work in-text and the secondary source in parentheses with wording “as cited in.”

    • Example: Albios’s finding (as cited in Gomez, 2009).

Page number conventions

  • Use p. for a single page; pp. for multiple pages in newspaper/book chapters.

  • Omit page numbers for journal/magazine articles.

  • If no page numbers, use paragraph numbers: (para. 15).

  • Use para. # or (para. 2) when needed; if the text is continuous, dash pages: 179-180.

Secondary sources and “as cited in” practice

  • When citing a source that quotes another source, name the original work in-text and add the original date in parentheses after the author’s name, with the secondary source info in parentheses at the end as “as cited in.”

  • Example: Holmes (as cited in Imparato, 179-180).

Special citation styles: IEEE and AMA contrasts

  • IEEE (Editorial Style Manual, 2014):

    • In-text: use numbers in brackets; example: [1], [2].

    • References numbered in order of citation; [1] Cruz, 2013.

    • No author, date, or page numbers in-text; the numeric reference covers details.

  • AMA (10th edition):

    • In-text: no author, page number, or date in-text normally; use superscript numbers for references.

    • References numbered by order of citation; format examples show entry details.

Quick reference tips

  • If two sources: cite as 2,6 in the same sentence (IEEE/AMA conventions differ by style).

  • For direct quotes under four lines: quote briefly and add citation after closing quotation mark.

  • For longer quotes: use block quotations and add citation after the period.

  • When using “qtd. in,” remember it indicates a secondary citation.

  • Always ensure in-text citations match the reference list entries for consistency.