Semester 1 Review
Physical Science - 1st Semester Exam Study Guide
Nonliving Matter and Energy
Definition: The study of nonliving matter and energy is referred to as Physical Science.
Options:
A. Life Science
B. Physical Science
C. Chemistry
D. Natural Science
Scientific Inquiry
Definition: An ongoing, orderly, cyclical approach used to investigate the world is called scientific inquiry.
Options:
A. workability
B. modeling
C. scientific inquiry
D. uniformity
Ethics
Definition: A system of moral values or a theory of proper conduct is termed ethics.
Options:
A. uniformity
B. order
C. Creation Mandate
D. ethics
Law of Cause and Effect
Definition: States that every effect has a specific, identifiable cause, and for every cause, there is a definite and predictable effect. This is referred to as Law of Cause and Effect.
Options:
A. Law of Cause and Order
B. Law of Cause and Effect
C. Principle of Uniformity
D. Creation Mandate
Measurement Types
Measurement Types: The picture referenced communicates a type of measurement defined as either accurate or precise.
Options:
A. accurate
B. precise
C. accurate and precise
D. neither accurate nor precise
SI Units
Definition: SI stands for International System of Units.
Options:
A. System Industrial Data
B. Scientific Inquiry
C. International System of Units
D. Science Impossible!
Branches of Physical Science
Branches: The two branches of science that are part of physical science are chemistry and physics.
Options:
A. chemistry and physics
B. life science and earth science
C. biology and chemistry
D. physics and social science
Evidence of Order in Nature
Examples: Evidence of order in nature includes the seasons, life and death, and the tides.
Correct Answer: D. all of the above
Physical Science Models
True Statement: Models must be complete and never change is NOT a true statement about physical science models, as models can change.
Correct options are:
A. Models are workable explanations or descriptions of phenomenon.
B. Models include theories and laws.
C. Models should help scientists understand, communicate, and predict phenomena.
Scientific Inquiry Process
Step: The step of scientific inquiry that includes conducting the experiment is investigation.
Options:
A. communication
B. conclusion
C. investigation
D. research
Quantitative Data
Definition: An example of quantitative data can be identified as length.
Options:
A. color
B. smell
C. length
D. sound
Categories of Models
Categories: The two categories of models are mathematical and conceptual.
Options:
A. physical and chemical
B. laws and theories
C. accuracy and precision
D. mathematical and conceptual
Lab Equipment
Definition: The piece of lab equipment referred to was identified as a graduated cylinder.
Options:
A. beaker
B. test tube
C. erlenmeyer flask
D. graduated cylinder
SI Units for Temperature
SI Unit: The SI unit for temperature is Kelvin.
Options:
A. Fahrenheit
B. Kelvin
C. Kilogram
D. Ampere
Particle Model of Matter
Development Evidence: Evidence that did NOT lead to the development of the Particle Model of Matter includes the Law of Conservation of Energy.
Options:
A. Law of Conservation of Energy
B. Brownian Motion
C. Diffusion
D. Law of Definite Proportions
Definition of Matter
Definition: Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
Correct Options:
A. weight, volume
B. mass, space
C. weight, density
D. volume, space
Most Common State of Matter
Common State: The most common state of matter in the universe is gas.
Options:
A. solid
B. liquid
C. gas
D. plasma
Law of Conservation of Matter
Statement: The Law of Conservation of Matter states that matter cannot be created or destroyed.
Options:
A. the amount of matter can change
B. matter cannot change forms
C. matter cannot be created or destroyed
D. all of the above are true
Viscosity
Definition: The property that measures a fluid’s resistance to flow is termed viscosity.
Options:
A. density
B. particle spacing
C. fluidity
D. viscosity
Particle Model Synonym
Also Known As: Another name for the Particle Model of Matter is the Kinetic Model.
Options:
A. Thermal Model
B. Atomic Model
C. Kinetic Model
D. Aristotle’s Model
States of Matter
Definition: Another name for the states of matter is phases.
Options:
A. phases
B. mixtures
C. density
D. substances
Building Block of Matter
Definition: The building block of all matter is atoms.
Options:
A. molecules
B. atoms
C. elements
D. models
Luster
Definition: The quality of how well a material reflects light is called luster.
Options:
A. malleability
B. ductility
C. luster
D. conductivity
Malleability
Definition: The ability of a substance to be hammered or pressed into sheets is termed malleability.
Options:
A. malleability
B. ductility
C. luster
D. conductivity
Ductility
Definition: The ability to pull a solid material into a wire is known as ductility.
Options:
A. malleability
B. ductility
C. luster
D. conductivity
Conductivity
Definition: The ease at which a material allows the transfer of electrical or thermal energy is called conductivity.
Options:
A. conductivity
B. malleability
C. reactivity
D. ductility
Physical Change
Definition: Any change in matter that does not alter the composition of the substance is called a physical change.
Options:
A. physical change
B. electrical change
C. chemical change
D. thermal change
Examples of Matter Types
Instance: Mercury and copper are examples of an element.
Options:
A. compound
B. mixture
C. element
D. gas (vapor)
State of Matter with Fixed Volume
Definition: The state of matter with a fixed volume but the shape that conforms to the container is liquid.
Options:
A. gas
B. liquid
C. solid
D. plasma
Physical Properties
Differentiation: All of the following are physical properties except reactivity.
Options:
A. luster
B. color
C. ductility
D. reactivity
Fluids
States Present: The states of matter that are classified as fluids are gas and liquid.
Options:
A. gas
B. liquid
C. solid
D. plasma
Examples of Chemical Change
Different Type: Examples of chemical changes include baking a cake, while notable exceptions include breaking a glass.
Options:
A. wood burning in a campfire
B. rust on a nail
C. breaking a glass
D. baking a cake
Discovery of the Nucleus
Discoverer: The nucleus (proton) was discovered by Ernest Rutherford through the Gold Foil Experiment.
Options:
A. Niels Bohr
B. JJ Thomson
C. Ernest Rutherford
D. Dmitri Mendeleev
Isotopes
Definition: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons are known as isotopes.
Options:
A. isotopes
B. ions
C. compounds
D. mixtures
Atomic Theory Postulates
Originator: John Dalton is credited with writing the 5 postulates of the Atomic Theory.
Options:
A. John Dalton
B. Dmitri Mendeleev
C. Robert Boyle
D. Henry Moseley
Atomic Model and Energy Levels
Conceptor: The atomic model that demonstrates that electrons move in distinct energy levels was developed by Niels Bohr.
Options:
A. JJ Thomson
B. Niels Bohr
C. Johann Dobereiner
D. Ernest Rutherford
Electrostatic Charges Law
Statement: The law stating that same charges repel and opposite charges attract is the Law of Electrostatic Charges.
Options:
A. Law of Octaves
B. Periodic Law
C. Law of Conservation of Matter
D. Law of Electrostatic Charges
Anions and Cations
Definitions:
Ions with more electrons than protons and have a negative charge are called anions.
Ions with more protons than electrons and have a positive charge are called cations.
Options for both definitions:
A. anions
B. cations
C. isotopes
D. neutral atoms
Atomic Traits
Definition: The unique number of protons in every atom of a particular element is known as the atomic number.
Options:
A. atomic mass
B. atomic number
C. atomic notation
D. particle number
Subatomic Particles
Smallest Particle: The subatomic particle that is the smallest and does not significantly contribute to the mass of an atom is the electron.
Options:
A. proton
B. neutron
C. electron
D. ion
Element Characteristics
Characteristic: Elements have the same number of protons.
Options:
A. ions
B. electrons
C. neutrons
D. protons
Neutron Discovery
Discoverer: The neutron was discovered by James Chadwick.
Options:
A. Johann Dobereiner
B. JJ Thomson
C. John Dalton
D. James Chadwick
Element Symbols
Originator: Jacob Berzelius developed the symbols for the first 47 elements using their Latin names.
Options:
A. Jacob Berzelius
B. John Newlands
C. Henry Moseley
D. Dmitri Mendeleev
Electron Variability
Definition: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of electrons are termed ions.
Options:
A. isotopes
B. ions
C. neutral
Period Number of Elements
Result: Ions with more protons than electrons and having a positive charge are called cations.
Options:
A. anions
B. isotopes
C. cations
D. neutral
Naming the Atom
Name Origin: The term atom was named by Democritus.
Options:
A. Dmitri Mendeleev
B. John Dalton
C. JJ Thomson
D. Democritus
Periodic Table Creator
Creator: The first Periodic Table was created by Dmitri Mendeleev.
Options:
A. Henry Moseley
B. Antoine Lavoisier
C. Dmitri Mendeleev
D. John Newlands
Plum Pudding Model
Originator: The Plum Pudding Model was proposed by JJ Thomson.
Options:
A. John Newlands
B. John Dalton
C. Antoine Lavoisier
D. JJ Thomson
Elements Count in Periodic Table
Count: There are 118 elements in the Periodic Table.
Options:
A. 108
B. 118
C. 180
D. 18
Group/Family Characteristics
Characteristic: Elements in a Group/Family have the same number of valence electrons.
Options:
A. protons
B. valence electrons
C. energy levels
D. neutrons
Valence Electrons
Definition: Electrons in the outermost energy level are referred to as valence electrons.
Options:
A. outer electrons
B. energy electrons
C. radii electrons
D. valence electrons
Columns of the Periodic Table
Alternate Name: Another name for the columns in the Periodic Table is groups/families.
Options:
A. rows
B. groups/families
C. periods
D. valences
Metals Percentage in Elements
Percentage: Metals comprise 80% of the elements.
Options:
A. 10%
B. 30%
C. 50%
D. 80%
Semiconductors Defined
Terms: The elements referred to as semiconductors are classified as metalloids.
Options:
A. metals
B. metalloids
C. nonmetals
Separation of Metals and Nonmetals
Separating Line: The dividing line between metals and nonmetals is referred to as the stairstep line.
Options:
A. straight line
B. stairstep line
C. graduation line
D. restaurant line
Radioactive Transition Metals
Metal Identification: The radioactive inner transition metals are identified as the Actinide series.
Options:
A. Lanthanide series
B. Halogens
C. Actinide series
D. Alkali metals
Group 2 Metals
Name: The Group/Family 2 metals are termed alkaline-earth metals.
Options:
A. alkali metals
B. alkaline-earth metals
C. transition metals
D. inner transition metals
Period Indication
Definition: The periods on the Periodic Table indicate the number of energy levels.
Options:
A. valence electrons
B. energy levels
C. protons
D. neutrons
Liquid Elements at Room Temperature
Liquid Identification: The two elements that are liquids at room temperature are mercury and bromine.
Options:
A. mercury and silver
B. bromine and lead
C. mercury and bromine
D. silver and lead
Inert Group/Family
Definition: The Group/Family that has eight valence electrons, being unreactive or inert, are known as noble gases.
Options:
A. alkali metals
B. halogens
C. noble gases
D. lanthanide series
Arrangement of Periodic Table
Arrangement Basis: The Periodic Table is arranged according to increasing atomic number.
Options:
A. increasing atomic mass
B. the year discovered
C. the number of valence electrons
D. increasing atomic number
Nonmetals Classification
Classification: Both halogens and noble gases are classified as nonmetals.
Options:
A. metals
B. nonmetals
C. metalloids
Chemical Bonds
Energy Storage: Chemical bonds store energy.
Options:
A. valence electrons
B. octets
C. anions and cations
D. energy
Octet Rule
Definition: The octet rule states that atoms are generally more stable when they have eight valence electrons in their valence energy level.
Options:
A. eight atoms from ring-shaped molecules
B. they lose all their valence electrons
C. they combine with other elements to form compounds
D. they have eight valence electrons in their valence energy level
Electron Sharing
Bond Type: Atoms that share two pairs of electrons form double covalent bonds.
Options:
A. ionic bonds
B. single covalent bonds
C. double covalent bonds
D. triple covalent bonds
Lewis Dot Structures
Creator: Gilbert Lewis introduced the Lewis Dot Structures in 1916.
Options:
A. Lewis Dalton
B. Gilbert Lewis
C. John Lewiston
D. Lewis Dot
Polarity
Definition: Polarity occurs when there is an unequal distribution of electric charge.
Options:
A. polarity
B. bonding
C. electronegativity
D. valency
Chemical Bonds Definition
Bond Definition: A chemical bond that forms when atoms share electrons is called a covalent bond.
Options:
A. ionic bond
B. polyatomic bond
C. metallic bond
D. covalent bond
Ionic Bonds
Formation: Ionic bonds occur between metals and nonmetals.
Options:
A. metals and nonmetals
B. metals
C. halogens and metals
D. nonmetals
Diatomic Molecule
Definition: A molecule made of two atoms is called a diatomic molecule.
Options:
A. polyatomic molecule
B. diatomic molecule
C. binary molecule
D. double molecule
Non-Bonding Elements
Identification: The elements that do NOT usually form chemical bonds are the noble gases.
Options:
A. noble gases
B. transition metals
C. alkali metals
D. halogens
Chemical Bonds Purpose
Purpose: Atoms form chemical bonds primarily for stability.
Options:
A. to complete the chemical reaction
B. stability
C. compatibility
D. so they don’t get on the naughty list
Ionic Bond Explanation
Bond Definition: The chemical bond that forms when atoms transfer electrons is called an ionic bond.
Options:
A. ionic bond
B. polyatomic bond
C. metallic bond
D. covalent bond
Chemical Reaction Energy
Definition: The minimal amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to occur is termed activation energy.
Options:
A. chemical energy
B. minimal energy
C. activation energy
D. potential energy
Reactants Definition
Substances: The substances that enter into a reaction are called reactants.
Options:
A. reactants
B. catalyst
C. products
D. inhibitor
Catalyst Function
Function: The substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction is termed a catalyst.
Options:
A. inhibitor
B. oxidizer
C. catalyst
D. coefficient
Chemical Reaction Process
Definition: A process where one or more substances (reactants) change into one or more new substances (products) is termed a chemical reaction.
Options:
A. equilibrium
B. chemical reaction
C. chemical formula
D. reaction rate
Types of Reactions
Combustion Reaction: Example: (combustion reaction)
Double Replacement Reaction: Example: (double replacement)
Synthesis Reaction: Example: (synthesis)
Le Chatelier’s Principle
Definition: Le Chatelier’s Principle states that if a system is disturbed, it will make changes to restore a state of equilibrium.
Options:
A. systems that are unbalanced cannot reach equilibrium
B. chemical reactions in a system will stop when it can’t reach equilibrium
C. if a system is disturbed, it will make changes to restore a state of equilibrium
D. systems that are balanced can never reach equilibrium
Reaction Graph Models
Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions: The type of reaction that a graph models can either be endothermic or exothermic.
Options:
A. endothermic
B. cyclic
C. equilibrium
D. exothermic
Mixtures Definition
Mixture Characteristics: Two or more substances that are physically combined are referred to as a mixture.
Options:
A. element
B. compound
C. bonded
D. mixture
Mixture Appearance Types
Types: Mixtures that do not have a uniform appearance are termed heterogeneous, while those with a uniform appearance are called homogeneous.
Options:
A. solutions
B. heterogeneous
C. homogeneous
D. alloys
Tyndall Effect Utility
Identification: The Tyndall effect is used to identify colloids.
Options:
A. alloys
B. colloids
C. solutions
D. suspensions
Sports Drinks Example
Type: Sports drinks are classified as a solution.
Options:
A. colloid
B. suspension
C. solution
D. alloy
Separation Methods
Distillation: The method of separation that separates liquids based on their boiling point is called distillation.
Options:
A. filtration/sifting
B. distillation
C. magnetism
D. evaporation
Filtration: The method of separation that separates substances according to particle size is called filtration/sifting.
Options:
A. filtration/sifting
B. distillation
C. magnetism
D. evaporation
Homogeneous Mixtures
Definition: Homogeneous mixtures are also known as solutions.
Options:
A. solutions
B. heterogeneous
C. homogeneous
D. alloys
Dissolving Process
Definition: The process of dissolving a solute into a liquid solvent is called solvation.
Options:
A. solubility
B. solvation
C. distillation
D. dissociation
Water as Solvent
Characteristic: Water is known as the universal solvent.
Options:
A. solution
B. suspension
C. solute
D. solvent
Maximum Solubility
Definition: The maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent is termed solubility.
Options:
A. solubility
B. dissociation
C. distillation
D. I don’t know but this is the last question!!!! Woo Hoo! Have a wonderful Christmas break with family and friends! The greatest gift is Jesus! Merry Christmas!