Personality

Psychoanalytic &  Psychodynamic Theories 

  • Personality  

    • Characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling & acting 

  • Psychodynamic Theories 

    • Personality view behavior as interaction between the conscious mind & unconscious mind 

Sigmond Freud 

  • The father of Psychoanalysis 

  • Theories  

    • Psychological trouble come from unresolved conflicts with their expected role  

    • Free  Association  

      • Exploring unconscious mind by relaxing & say whatever comes to mind  

    • Iceberg 

      • Surface is conscious awareness  

      • Below surface is  unconscious mind  

    • Repress trauma 

    • Psychosexual Stage  

      • Oral  

        • 0-18 months 

        • pleasure centers on the mouth  

          • Sucking 

          • biting  

          • chewing 

      • Anal  

        • 18-36 months 

        • pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination 

        • coping with demands for control 

      • Phallic 

        • 3-6 years  

        • pleasure zones is the genital coping with incestuous sexual feeling  

        • Oedipus complex  

          • a boy have a sexual desires his mother & feeling of hatred for his father 

          • flips for girl  

        • identification  

          • children superego gain strength as they incorporate their parent values  

      • Latency 

        • 6 to puberty  

        • a phase of dormant sexual feelings  

      • Genital  

        • puberty on  

        • maturation of sexual interests  

 

Id, Ego, Superego  

  • Id  

    • pleasure principle  

    • seek immediate gratification  

  • Ego 

    • responds to Id and superego  

    • acts negotiate realistic   

  • Superego 

    • our moral compass  

 

Defense Mechanisms 

  • Cooping  

    • Denial  

      • Refusing to accept real events because they are unpleasant  

    • Displacement  

      • Transferring inappropriate urges or behaviors onto a more acceptable of less threatening target  

    • Projection 

      •  Attributing unacceptable desires to others  

    • Rationalization  

      • Justifying behaviors by substituting acceptable reasons for less acceptable real reasons 

    • Reaction Formation 

      •  Reducing anxiety by adopting beliefs contrary to your own beliefs  

    • Regression  

      • Returning to coping strategies for less mature stage of development  

    • Repression  

      • suppressing painful memories and thoughts 

    • Sublimation  

      • Redirecting unacceptable desires through socially acceptable channels  

  • Ego  

    • Make peace between the id and the superego 

    • responds to the id and superego 

    • acts to negotiate and realistic 

    • Mature, Adaptive Behavior  

  • Superego  

    • Internalized ideals 

    • our moral compass 

    • Moral, Ethical, Values, Parental  

  • Id  

    • unconscious energy 

    • pleasure principle it seeks immediate gratification 

    • Innate desires, pleasure-seeking, aggression, sexual impulse 

Neo-Freudian 

  • adopted Freuds techniques & accepted his basic ideas  

    • more emphasis on the conscious mind  

    • doubted that sex & aggression were all consuming motivations  

  • Alferd Adler  

    • inferiority complex 

    • believed that much of our behavior is driven by efforts to conquers childhood inferiority feelings that trigger our striving for superiority and power  

  • Karn Horney  

    • childhood anxiety triggers our desire for love & security  

    • opposed of Freud "Penis envy" 

  • Carl Jung  

    • Freud disciple-turned-dissenter 

    • agree with Freud unconscious has a powerful influence  

    • Unconscious contains more than repressed thoughts and feelings. 

    • collective unconscious 

      • a common reservoir of archetypes derived from our species’ universal experiences. 

 

Personally Test 

  • Project test  

    • unconscious by asking test takers to describe an ambiguous image of tell a story  

  • TAT = Thematic Apperception Test  

    • test which people view ambiguous pictures & them make up stories about them  

  • Rorschach Ink Blot test 

    • people describe what they see in a series of inkblots  

 

Humanistic Theories 

  • emphasized the way people strive for self-determination & self-realization  

  • studied people through their-reported experiences & feeling 

  • Maslow's Hierarchy of Need  

    • Physiological  

    • Safety 

    • Love/belonging  

    • Esteem  

    • Self-Actualization  

      • Process of fulfilling our potential 

      • Self-transcendence  

        • Meaning, purpose and identity beyond the self 

  • Carl Roger's Person-Centered Perspective  

    • Believed a growth promoting social climate  

      • Acceptance  

      • Geniuses 

      • Empathy 

    • Self-concept  

      • Central feature one personality  

      • In our own eye we fall short of our ideal self  

  • Evaluating  

    • Positive psychology  

 

Trait Theories  

  • Fundamental traits  

    • A characteristic Patterns Of Behavior a Disposition To feel and Act in Certains Ways  

  • Myer-Brigg Type Indicates (MBTI) 

    • Sort people based on their response to 126 question  

    • Validity of this test is questionable  

Trait Hierarchy – Gordon Allport  

  • Identified thousands of personality traits & grouped them into categories  

  • Cardinal traits  

  • Central traits  

  • Secondary traits  

 

Raymound Cattell 16 Personality Factors  

  • The result was the hypothesis that individuals describe themselves and each other according to sixteen different, independent factors. 

 

Factor Analysis  

  • A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of test items that tap basic components of a trait 

 

Assessing Traits  

  • Personality inventories 

    • long questionnaires covering a wide range of feelings and behaviors 

  • Empirically derived  

    • a test (such as the MMPI) created by selecting from a pool of items those that discriminate between groups. 

Big Five Factors 

  • Most influential trait approach today  

  • Five Broad factors lie at the core of personality  

  • OCEAN/CANOE 

    • Openness 

    • Conscientiousness 

    • Extraversion  

    • Agreeableness 

    • Neuroticism  

 

MMPI = Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory  

  • Most widely personality test  

  • Most clinically used personality test 

  • Emotional disorders  

 

Social cognitive theories  

  • Perspective  

    • Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits, including their thinking, and their social context. 

    • Behavioral approach:  

      • focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development. 

    • Reciprocal determinism:  

      • the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment. 

  • Albert Bandura  

    • Self-efficacy  

    • Model of Reciprocal determinism  

    • Personity  

      • Behavioral Influences  

        • How have you been punished or reward for your past behavior 

      • Personal Characteristics  

        • Genetic factors thoughts & Betters expectations based off of previsualize 

      • Environment & Cultural influence  

        • What is acceptable in your household your friendship & your overall Environment  

  • Julian Rotter – Locus of control  

    • Internal  

      • Results are primarily due to your own actions  

    • External  

      • Results are primarily due to outside actions  

Explorin 

  • Self  

    • Assume to be center of personality the organizer of our thoughts feeling and actions  

  • Possible Selves  

    • Your vision of self your dream or fear of becoming  

    • Spotlight effect: 

      •  overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us) 

  • Self- Esteem 

    • Self-esteem:  

      • one’s feelings of high or low self-worth. 

        • High self-esteem is beneficial, but unrealistically high self-esteem is dangerous (linked to aggressive behavior) and fragile. 

    • Self-efficacy: 

      •  one’s sense of competence and effectiveness. 

    • Self-serving bias:  

      • normal tendency to perceive ourselves favorably, as when viewing ourselves as better than average or when accepting credit for our successes but not blame for our failures. 

    • Narcissism: 

      •  excessive self-love and self-absorption 

  • Individualist vs. Collectivist 

    • individualism  

      • Cultures based on self-reliant individualism tend to value personal independence and individual achievement.  

    • collectivism  

      • Cultures based on socially connected collectivism tend to value group goals, social identity, and commitments.