22. The Unfinished Revolution with audio

Civil War Songs:
- "Johnny Has Gone for a Soldier": A lament reflecting the pain of families with soldiers at war.
- "When Johnny Comes Marching Home Again": Celebrates the return of soldiers and the hope of reunion.
African-American Spiritual:
- "Cotton Need A Pickin’": Highlights the struggles of sharecroppers post-Civil War.
Visual Art:
- "Dressing for the Carnival" by Winslow Homer (1877): Represents cultural expressions during the era.

Background of Fountain Hughes:
- Former slave, belonged to Burness.
- Describes life as slave children and freedom's aftermath.
Slavery Experience:
- Lack of basic needs; slept on floors.
- Education was prohibited; no access to books.
- Post-freedom, homeless and lost, comparable to cattle.
Reflections on Freedom:
- Some former slaves felt worse off post-freedom.
- Hughes would prefer death to the idea of returning to slavery, expressing the dire conditions faced by black people.

Challenges of Reconstruction:
- Acknowledges the difficulty of establishing order after the Civil War.
- No clear authority to negotiate the end of rebellion.
- Need for a flexible approach to unify disorganized elements.

Johnson's Ideology:
- Declared "The Constitution as it is" emphasizing maintaining the status quo for white supremacy.
- Believed the U.S. should remain a "white man’s country."
Political Context:
- Context of Johnson’s presidency post-Lincoln assassination.

Radical Republican Actions:
- Established the Freedmen's Bureau for social welfare.
- The Reconstruction Acts led to the reintegration of Confederate states into the Union.
Key Amendments:
- Fourteenth Amendment (1868) and Fifteenth Amendment (1870) aimed to protect rights of freedmen.
- Highlights significant political shifts in the South.

Statistics of Black Participation:
- Of 1000 delegates drafting constitutions, 268 were black.
- Approximately 680 African-Americans in lower state houses; 112 in state senates.
- African-American participation in local governance increased post-Reconstruction.
- Hiram Rhodes Revels served as a U.S. Senator (1870-71).

Controversial Statements by Johnson:
- Asserted Negroes' limited capacity for governance during his 1867 State of the Union Address.

Philosophy of Governance:
- Grant aimed for peace and was unwilling to impose his policies against the will of the people.
Public Perception:
- Criticism of Grant's capabilities and legitimacy as a leader.
- Won the election largely due to black voter support.

Political Violence and Terror:
- 1000 deaths due to violence primarily targeting blacks between 1868.
- Descriptive account of a lynching, illustrating the brutal reality of racial terror.
- Significant drop in black voter participation in Louisiana parishes post-terror.

Local Sentiment:
- "Scalawags" viewed as traitors for cooperating with Reconstruction efforts.
- Carpetbaggers described as opportunists exploiting Southern instability.

Bailey Wyatt's Speech (1866):
- Advocated for black rights to land and education post-emancipation.
- Sharecropping system perpetuated economic dependence on former masters.
- Emphasis on the legacy of unpaid labor in contributing to Northern wealth.

End of Reconstruction & Political Climate:
- 15th Amendment aimed to secure voting rights, but challenges remained.
- Growing sentiment against Reconstruction efforts, calls for peace and return to normalcy.
- Reflections on the failure to resolve lingering racial issues.

Historical Reflection:
- Garrison's critique of the compromises signaling retreat from advanced civil rights.
- The symbolism of Union and Confederate veterans embracing marks a contentious reconciliation.