Ap Gov

Term 1: Post-Revolutionary America
Definition 1: Period following American Revolution, highlighting debates and compromises that led to the formation of the U.S. Constitution.
Term 2: Federalist 10
Definition 2: Written by James Madison, it advocates for a large republic to manage faction dangers and protect minority rights.
Term 3: Brutus I
Definition 3: Anti-Federalist essay warning against ratifying the Constitution, arguing for local governance to protect liberties.
Term 4: Declaration of Independence
Definition 4: Document asserting inalienable rights of individuals and justifying revolution against oppressive governments.
Term 5: Articles of Confederation
Definition 5: First governing document creating a weak central government, leading to the need for a stronger federal Constitution.
Term 6: Constitution and Bill of Rights
Definition 6: Framework of federal government with checks and balances; the Bill of Rights protects individual liberties.
Term 7: Federalist 51
Definition 7: James Madison argues for separation of powers to prevent government overreach and protect individual freedoms.
Term 8: Federalist 70
Definition 8: Alexander Hamilton defends the need for a strong, single executive for efficient governance.
Term 9: Federalist 78
Definition 9: Hamilton describes the judiciary as an independent branch essential for upholding the Constitution.
Term 10: Letter from a Birmingham Jail
Definition 10: Martin Luther King Jr. advocates for civil disobedience against injust laws and emphasizes the Fourteenth Amendment.
Term 11: Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Definition 11: Established judicial review, allowing the judiciary to strike down unconstitutional laws.
Term 12: McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Definition 12: Affirmed federal supremacy and implied powers under the Elastic Clause, allowing Congress to create a national bank.
Term 13: Schenck v. US (1919)
Definition 13: Limited free speech during wartime, establishing the 'clear and present danger' test.
Term 14: Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Definition 14: Declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause.
Term 15: Baker v. Carr (1961)
Definition 15: Enabled federal courts to intervene in redistricting, establishing the 'one person, one vote' principle.
Term 16: Engel v. Vitale (1962)
Definition 16: Prohibited school-sponsored prayer, reinforcing the separation of church and state.
Term 17: Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
Definition 17: Guaranteed the right to legal counsel in state courts for defendants unable to afford an attorney.
Term 18: Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)
Definition 18: Protected student free speech in schools, as long as it does not cause substantial disruption.
Term 19: New York Times Co. v. US (1971)
Definition 19: Strengthened freedom of the press, ruling prior restraint unconstitutional unless there's imminent threat.
Term 20: Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)
Definition 20: Protected religious freedom over compulsory school attendance laws in certain contexts.
Term 21: Roe v. Wade (1973)
Definition 21: Legalized abortion under the right to privacy as inferred from the Fourteenth Amendment.
Term 22: Shaw v. Reno (1993)
Definition 22: Prohibited racial gerrymandering, requiring strict scrutiny for redistricting based on race.
Term 23: United States v. Lopez (1995)
Definition 23: Limited federal power under the Commerce Clause, ruling it does not cover non-economic activities.
Term 24: Citizens United v. FEC (2010)
Definition 24: Expanded corporate political spending rights, emphasizing political spending as protected speech.
Term 25: McDonald v. Chicago (2010)
Definition 25: Incorporated the Second Amendment to the states, ensuring the right to bear arms is protected at all government levels.