soc psych 1

social psychology is the study of how individuals? think, influence, relate, and behave first textbook did not appear until? 1900 attributions, judgements, and self-compassionate attitudes? social thinking culture, conformity, obediene, and persuasion? social influence prejudice, aggression, attraction, helping? social relations we tend to believe that we could have foreen an outcome? hindsight bias we look for evidence that confirms the initial hypothesis? confirmation bias naturally occurring relationships among variables? correlational study seeks clues to cause-effect relationships by manipulating facrtors and controlling others? experiemental study correlation can? predict random samplying forms what is called a? representative sample which type has independent and dependent variables? experimental participants can be randomly assigned to a condition in? experimental studies assigning participants to the diff conditions of an experiemnt in such a way that they all have the same chance of being in any of the conditions? random assignment in a sigle blind study who does not know which group hey are in? participants experiments are superficially similar to everyday situations? mundane realism experimetns are expected to engage into response? eperimental realism must be minimized way of cueing in behavior? demand characteristics deliberate misinfo? deception integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events? theories testable propositions that descirbes a relationship that may exist between variables repeating a study with different participants to see if hypothesis stands true? replication study of studies that statistically summarizes many studies on the same topic? meta-analysis

sense of self, memory of past and projection of future located in? medial prefrontal cortex beliefs about the self that organize the prcoesing of self relevant information? self-schemas new roles begin as play acting but then become reality? social roles overall self-evaluation / self-worth? self esteem comparison to someone worse? downward social comparison comparison to someone better? updward social comparison low self esteem and narcissism in? collectivist high self esteem and narcissism in? individualist how we think others perceive us as a mirror for perceiving others? looking glass self others are paying more attention to appearance and behavior than they actually are? spotlight effect who explored the spotlight effect and when and with what? 2010 timothy lawson colledge students and sweater prints illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others? illusion of transparency who established the looking glass self? sociologist charles cooley who refined the looking glass self by saying its imagination? george herbert mead what parts of the brain are important for self-concept? right hemisphere and medial preforntal cortex (between brain heispheres behind eyes) Tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task? planning fallacy people have the greatest difficulty predicting the intensity and the duration of their future emotions? affective forecasting Overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events? impact bias Differing implicit or automatic and explicit or consciously controlled attitudes toward the same object? dual attitude system

exhibiting self protective emotional and cognitive responses when contronted with mortality? terror management fallacy sense that one is competent and effective? self-efficacy extent that you have control on your life? locus of control events are contingent upon own actions? internal locus events are a result of luck or chance? external locus extent to which one believe can exert will to change outcomes? self-determination Tendency to perceive oneself favorably? self serving bias tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to other factors? self-sevring attributions adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one’s anxiety to motivate effective action? defensive realism Tendency to overestimate the commonality of one’s opinions and one’s undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors? false consensus effect tendency to underestimate the commonality of one’s abilities and one’s desirable or successful behaviors? false uniqueness effect Protecting one’s self-image with behaviors that create a handy excuse for later failure? self-handicapping act of expressing oneself to create a favorable impression? ? self-presentation attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting one’s performance? self-monitoring automatic thinking? system 1 controlled thinking? system 2 tendency to be more confident than correct, overestimating the accuracy of one's beliefs? overconfidence phenomenon the tendency to presume something belonged to a particular group if resembling a typical member? representative heuristic a cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory? availability heuristic focus more on remote small but vivid possibilities, rather than ones more likely but less vivid? possibility neglect imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened but didn’t? counterfactual thinking perception of a relationship where none exists? illusory correlation the statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior return towards one’s average? regression towards the average persistence of one’s initial conceptions, such as when the basis for one;s brief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives? belief perseverance

incorporating misinformation into one’s memory of the event? misinformation effect recall mildly pleasing, but highly memorable events more favorably? rosy retrospection Theory of how people explain other’s behavior? attribution theory The effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone;s behavior? spontaneous trait inference We observe others using a different perspective than we are the ones acting? actor observer perspectives Our attributions also depend on where our focus is directed? camera perspective bias belief that lead to its own fulfillment? self-fulfilling prophecy participants in an experiment tend to live up to (what they believe) experimenters expect of them? experimenter bias Type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people’s social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations? behavioral confirmation the mutual influence of bodily sensation on cognitive preferences and social judgements? embodied ognition activating particular associations in memory? priming