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Types of studies

Experiment — research where you manipulate an independent variable (give a treatment)

Non-experimental studies — Not manipulating any independent variable

  • case study is a common non-experimental study (less common are psych studies because they usually need big populations). used for particularly unusual phenomena

Naturalistic observation — just looking at people. Good for behavioural, but not for answering the question “why”?

Correlational studies — A way of interpreting data, finding a correlation

Correlation — Tells how strong and the type of relationship between two variables

  • Ranges from -1 to 1

  • The absolute value shows the strength of the correlation

  • Positive or negative says the type of correlation and what direction the correlation is in

  • annot draw causation and correlation, only correlation

States of consciousness

What does it mean to be conscious and think

Consciousness — awareness of yourself and your environment. How are you aware of your own body?

Attention — Directed by your consciousness

Selective attention — Our body cannot focus on everything at once,e and we need to direct our consciousness to certain activities and divert our attention. helps us process things in our brain \

Inattentional blindness — things farther away from your area of focus, and most likely do not concern you. May as well not exist

Iceberg metaphor — only a small portion of what we are concerned with is at the top (Current thoughts, feelings). Under is preconscious stuff not currently aware of, but could become aware of it. Unconscious is thing taht are bottleda way, and whatrulyly drives your mind (not true prob)

Stream of consciousness — like a flowing stream that are conciousness iconstantlyly moving and flowing. two areas, the area of focus and the peripheral. Area of focus is the water itself, andperipherall ithe s area on the edges of the water. because of conciousness is always moving, it is hard to study the stream of consciousness.

actual states of consciousness

Sleep — not a single reason why we sleep. Animals seek sleep when it is dark. We also need sleep to recharge and get more energy. directly related to good memory. long-term chronic issues if not getting enough sleep.

  • REM rapidc eye movement) — appears very similar to when you are awake. Eyes twitching under your eyelids

  • non-REM sleep — split into 3 stages

    • NREM stage 1 — brain movement slows down, lightly asleep, pretty easy to wake up. sleep aralysis could happen if you wake u

    • nREM stage 2 — brain waves slow down even more. Sleep spindles are sudden spikes in brain activity or K-cycles.

    • nREM stage 3 — slow wave sleep brain waves are slow all the time. least acctive stage of sleep. harder to wake in stage 3. groggy if woken in stage 3 sleep.parasomnias could happen patterns of cognitive activity that happenbetween stage 3 and REM sleep. they are harmles. not related to dreams. night terrors are a disorder of stage 3 sleep. sleep talking can also happen words during sleep talking dont eman anything. part of brain that make syou talk goes off randomly. sleep walking common is stage 3 will not happen during REM sleep. just kind of walking aroun. hard to wake beccause they are in stage 3. no danger in waking someone who was sleep wlkiing

    • REM sleep — Eugiene asarinsky, satooth waves where brains are acting as if they are awake. eyes moving rapidly with eyes closed . Most ddreaming happens during REM sleep. You always dream during REM sleep. You body is paralized during REM sleep. cannot move body below neck. may still remain paralized if your in REM sleep and woken up suddently