Global+Challenges+in+the+19th+Century

RESPONSES TO THE RISE OF THE WEST

THE CHALLENGE

  • The rise of manufacturing during the Industrial Revolution created several challenges:

    • Increased need for new markets.

    • Increased demand for raw materials.

    • Challenges to existing manufacturing centers in regions like the Middle East and India.

NEW WESTERN IDEAS

  • Western ideologies that developed in response to the challenges:

    • Capitalism

    • Emphasizes free enterprise, free markets, and free trade.

    • Nationalism

    • A strong identification with one's nation and often a belief in its superiority.

    • The Enlightenment

    • Advocated for personal freedoms, popular sovereignty, and representative government.

IMPERIALISM

  • Overview of colonial powers and their possessions around the world, including:

    • Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United States.

    • Key regions affected:

    • North America (Alaska, Canada, and the USA).

    • Africa (Egypt, Algeria, and the Ottoman Empire regions).

    • Asia (India, China, and Japanese territories).

THE EVENT
Ottoman: Napoleon Invades Egypt

  • Significant military and political implications for the region.

Russia: Crimean War

  • Highlighted the weaknesses of the Ottoman Empire and its impact on European balance of power.

China: Opium War

  • British sales of opium to China surged leading to social and economic issues.

    • Lin Zexu's Actions (1839):

    • Confiscated and destroyed 2.6 million pounds of opium using 500 laborers over 22 days.

    • Resulted in significant loss for China and growing imperialist pressures from the West.

Japan: Arrival of Matthew Perry

  • Forced Japan to open its ports to American trade, ending its isolationist policies.

Mexico: Several Issues

  • Territorial adjustments post-US-Mexico War (Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Gadsden Purchase, etc.).

THE RESPONSE: MODERNIZATION

  • Countries began to modernize and adapt to external challenges:

    • Remove old institutions and modernize military and infrastructure.

    • Develop railroads and industry possibly needing foreign investment.

    • Efforts to "Westernize" governments.

OTTOMAN: TANZIMAT REFORMS

  • Early reforms under Selim III (1789-1807) were resisted, leading to the Janissaries' massacre by Mahmud II (1826).

  • Key reforms included:

    • Military and bureaucratic modernization.

    • Introduction of Western education and technologies (telegraphs, railroads).

    • Constitution of 1876 aimed at political modernization.

EGYPT: INDUSTRIALIZATION

  • Reforms initiated by Muhammad Ali, who focused on military modernization and cotton production under British financing.

  • Led to British protection over Egypt following the establishment of the Suez Canal.

RUSSIA: INDUSTRIALIZATION

  • Emancipation of serfs facilitated an urban labor force.

  • Development of the Trans-Siberian railroad and promotion of industry, especially in heavy industry.

    • Count Witte (1892-1903) emphasized foreign investments in banking and industry.

CHINA: SELF-STRENGTHENING MOVEMENT

  • Aim to modernize the military through foreign investment.

  • Development of railroads and textiles with some regulatory changes but minimal political reforms.

JAPAN: MEIJI RESTORATION

  • The abolishment of the feudal order and establishment of a constitutional government.

  • The Constitution of 1889 created a limited monarchy with strict voting rights (only 5% of population).

JAPANESE INDUSTRIALIZATION

  • Comprehensive modernization included military and communication reform.

  • Zaibatsu Formation: Economic power consolidated among a few powerful families through private and state initiatives.

MEXICO: LA REFORMA

  • Led by Benito Juarez (1858-1872) focusing on limiting the power of landowners and the Catholic Church.

  • Liberal reforms faced difficulties, resulting in much of the rural population remaining landless by 1910.

MEXICO: INDUSTRIALIZATION

  • Under Porfirio Diaz (1876-1910), efforts included building railroads and integrating regional economy.

  • Heavy dependence on foreign investment, showing the imbalance in economic growth.

ADDITIONAL REACTIONS TO CHALLENGES & RESPONSES
OTTOMAN & EGYPTIAN REACTIONS

  • Division among groups